Masters of Science

URI for this collectionhttps://rps.wku.edu.et/handle/987654321/9

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ASSESSING CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION: INTHE CASE OF ENORENEREMEGER WOREDA IN GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIAREGIONAL STATE
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) MAHMUD EWNETU
In developing countries like Ethiopia, rural to urban migration affects the social and economic conditions of both urban and rural areas. The purpose of this research study is to assess the causes and consequences of rural to urban migration in Enorenermegr woreda in Gurage zone. To achieve the objectives of this study have used different methodological approaches,like descriptive research design and mixed research approaches. That implemented qualitative and quantitative research approaches.In the research study area 384 targeted population is samples taken from most migration exposed rural kebeles. That data collected from primary and secondary data sources. The interpreted data shown that the greater number of younger age groups were migrating in study area. Which the compiled data also demonstrated that many of the local residents people exposed urban migration, most of them are younger adults and unmarried single individuals persons.In Addition to that, many primary and secondary school students dropping out in their education earlier age's exposed to migration.As results with continues flows of migration happened formerly vibrant villages are badly changed inactive villages and many beautiful houses are highly shutting down. There are many causes to migrating people to most urban destination areas. The researcher investigated that most of the pushing and pulling factors are most likely related to seek different job opportunities, to generate incomes and gain preferred better lifestyles rather than hate those who have burdens of hardship rural works. And also related pushing factors in rural areas are mostly less agricultural productivity, and shortage of different infrastructures were the major problems. Many of the migrants in the study area initially migrated for a period and adjustment for temporary life, then adapted for permanently settled life in the destination cities or towns. The researcher across the study investigated some mitigating useful points recommendations are, effective rural policy developments actions that regional and urban management policy will be reviewed. Suggested to minimize this sudden migration it needs a big push actions. The fact that poverty reduction during rural to urban transformation and rural development program is still more important than urbanization.
ASSESSMENT ON MILKING AND HANDLING PRACTICES, MICROBIAL QUALITY AND SAFETY OF RAW COW MILK IN KOLFEKERANIO AND LEMIKURA SUB-CITIES OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
(Wolkite University, 2023-01) KURIBACHEW ENDALE GODANA
Raw cow milk serves as a good medium for microbial growth due to its complex biochemical composition and high water activity, Because of this character, the quality and shelf-life of milk is forced to be degraded. This study was conducted in Kolfekeranio and Lemikura sub cities of Addis Ababa to evaluate milking practice, microbial quality and safety as well as antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria in raw cow milk. Two districts were purposively selected from each sub-cities based on dairy potential. Small, medium and large-scale dairy farmers in the selected districts of study area owning dairy cattle for milk production were the targeted population. A total of 161 dairy producers were selected randomly based on proportion from each farm scale and interviewed individually using semi-structured questionnaire. For milk quality evaluation, 61 samples of raw cow milk were collected from producer’s container and transported by icebox to the laboratory. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25.0. The result showed that the milking method practiced in the study area is hand milking. All the respondents wash their hands before milking but among them 27.3% of them washes with water only and 72.7% of them wash their hand with soap and water. The majority of the respondents use plastic materials for milking (83.9%), and milk storage (68.3%) respectively. The overall mean (±SD) of raw cow’s milk for standard plate count (SPC), E. coli count (EC), Coliform Count (CC) and Total Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC) were 6.24±1.43, 2.44±0.56, 4.34 ±1.27 and 2.87±1.02 log10cfu/ml respectively. Salmonella was not detected in the collected milk sample and the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 37%. The isolated S. aureus bacteria were 100% susceptible for antibiotic drugs like Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Erythromycin, Tylosin, Clindamycin and Florenicol. On the other hand S. aureus was 87% susceptible and 13% intermediate for Enfrofloxacin, 78.3% susceptible and 21.7% resistance for Tilcimosin, 60.9% susceptible and 39.1% resistance for Tetracycline, 95.7% susceptible and 4.3% intermediate for Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. Based on the result of the current study, milk samples contained higher microbial load than National and International standards and contains pathogenic bacteria which will result in public health risk to the consumer. All concerned bodies in dairy industry should get public education about hygienic milk production to reduce the risk of milk borne pathogens and losses due to rejection resulting from contamination.
BEST PROXIMITY THEOREM FOR GENERALIZED (θ,γ)-PROXIMAL CONTRACTION MAPPING IN RECTANGULAR QUASI B- METRIC SPACE
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-06-10) KASAHUN BEYENE BEJIGA
This paper explores best proximity point theorems whit in the framework of broad (θ,γ) proximal reduction “mappings in rectangular quasi b-metric spaces”. “We introduce the class of rectangular quasi b- metric” space as a broadening of rectangular metric space, “rectangular quasi” b-metric space, “rectangular b-metric” space,define broad (θ,γ)proximal reduction mappings. Establish situation under which a optimal proximity point exists and provide example to clear my results. Extend previous work on fixed point theorems and contribute to the theory of proximity points in non-standard metric spaces.
Challenges and Opportunities of Industrializations To Local Community in Sebeta Town
(wolkite universty, 2023-10) BEKELE DUGUMA JIMA
The study has conducted on the challenges and opportunities of industrialization to local community in Sebeta twon. Primary and secondary data were employed, and questionnaires, interview,case study and obsevetion used as primary data collection tools. Descriptive such as tables ,frequency , percents were used . Descriptive data analyses were employed to show the impacts of industrialization on livelihoods of local community such as , land holding size ,employment opportunity and displacements and the interaction effect between expansion of industrial establishment with these variables. The results show industrial expansions has decrease land holding size of individuals, is less likelihood of creating employment opportunity, and displacements of individuals and low engagement of industrial organization in solving problem in surround area.Idustrial project have to benefit local communities though having share holder in the companies.Local people should be consulted in the process of land allocation to the invester(s).Participation of local communities in the industrial project and Invester(s) should understand the local condition I.e culture of local communities where they invest industrial project.
CHARACTERIZATION, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING OF SOILS OF MEGECHA MICRO-WATERSHED, EZHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, ETHIOPIA
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) ALEMU WEGU JEZA
The study was conducted at Megecha Micro-Watershed Ezha District in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. Because of a diversified geography, climatic conditions, and geology, Ethiopia has a variety of soil resources which were studied at small scales 1:250,000, with high levels of generalization. Site specific soil characterization and classification can serve as initial step in creating baseline information for developing land use planning and management practices. Therefore purpose of this study was to characterize, classify and mapping soils of Megecha micro-watershed, to generate baseline information, for formulating the management alternatives for different soil types identified. Four representatives Pedon were opened at the upper, middle and low slope position and soil field description was made. A total of 17 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from each genetic horizon. The results of the study revealed that color, consistency, texture, bulk density (BD) and of the soils varied with the slope position and soil depth. Lower BD, darker red color and soft (dry) consistency were observed at the upper slope position whereas higher BD, very dark gray color and hard (dry) consistence were observed in the low slope areas. The depth of the soils was very deep (200+cm) and the textural classes varied from silt to clay, Soil reaction (pH)(5.3 to 6.3) categorized by moderately acid to slightly acidic, Soil organic carbon (SOC)(0.58 to 2.99%) content was categorized as low to high, Available Phosphorus (P) (0.28 –1.20 mg kg-1 ) was rated as inadequate range, Total Nitrogen (N) (0.02 to 0.27% ) content was rated as very Low to high, C: N ratio varies from (6.43 to 29) ) and found in low to high range, Soil CEC varied from (5 - 47 cmolc kg-1) categorized as very low to very high and PBS (19.19 to 87. 19%) was categorized as very low to very high. Regarding the soil classification Pedon 1 classified as Chromic Alisols (Epidystric), Pedon 2, Chromic Alisols (Dystric), Pedon 3 Hablic Alisols (Dystric) and Pedon 4 Pellic Vertisols (Hypereutric).The soilmap was developed for these identified soils types. Thus, in introducing new agricultural technologies like application of lime, use vermin compost and soil and water conservation practices were needed to the study area, the local variations in soils should be considered for a sustainable agricultural development.
DETERIMINANTS OF FARMER PARTICIPATION TO WHEAT CLUSTER FARMING AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE IN SODO WOREDA, EAST GURAGHE ZONE, CENTERAL ETHIOPIA
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) GIRMA KOTO GUDA
Cluster farming is an agricultural practice that involves organizing and grouping together farmers within a specific geographic area based on proximity of their farm plots and it increasingly recognized as a viable means of improving smallholder economy in money developing countries .Ethiopia’s farming system is dominated by Smallholder farmers who accounts for 96 percentage of total cultivated area generated 95 percent of total production. Agriculture has not been used to its full potential for development in Ethiopia due to low productivity and low-level of value addition of smallholder. Enhancing productivity and value addition among smallholder farmers is broadly perceived as a main strategy which is achieved through promoting agricultural cluster farming approach. This thesis is focused on studying determinants farmers’ participation decision of wheat cluster farming and its role in Sodo Woreda of Eeast Guraghe zone of central Ethiopia. In this study both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected from a sample of 274 household heads randomly selected by using two stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics include mean, standard deviation, ratio, frequencies, and range. Econometrics models such as Binary probitand OLS model were employed to analyze the data. Variables, sex of house hold headed, farm size, training access and mechanization use were significantly affect wheat cluster farming in the study area. Lastly this study recommends that actors should invest on linking farmers of both sexes to enhance wheat cluster farming participation of farmers. Mechanization use positively influenced wheat cluster farming participation decision and extent of cluster participation level the government and concerned body should organize farmers and facilitate credit facilities for them to buy different agricultural tools. Training access significantly influenced farmers ‘participating in wheat cluster farming so the concerned body should train farmers to bring a good result.
DETERMINANT OF EFFECTIVE TAX ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM IN GURAGA ZONE
(Wolkite University, 2022-05) TARIKU TEWAJU
The best tax policy in the world is worth little if it cannot be implemented effectively. tax administration is the one that ensures high taxpayer’s compliance level. Nevertheless, measuring the effectiveness of the tax administration by the size of the tax collected is unsophisticated judgment. Therefore considering the tax payers equality treated are gap rather a much stronger criterion for the effectiveness of tax administration. Ethiopian revenue costume authority apply unusual estimating methods for hard -to -tax group’s viz. presumptive taxation to ascertain the tax liability of category ‘C’ taxpayers due to the corresponding administrative burden of auditing of such taxpayers. This study has attempted to identify the determinants that affect tax administration in Gurage zone selected werdas and city’s administration. Wire collected foremen Primary data collected from both revenue office employees and category ‘C’ taxpayers. By Proportionate Simple random sampling technique used and Descriptive and inferential statistics used to analyze the data. The study found that revenue office’s decisions have perpetuating phenomena in developing tax administration effectiveness among disfavored taxpayers, which was used as an indirect approach to measure the effectiveness of tax administration in this study., lack of tax education (tax awareness) ,lack of quality service delivery, lack of legal enforcement and attitude of tax payer towards tax the consequent of taxpayers, which showed the existence of the strong relationship between tax administration effectiveness and tax fairness and equity, tax law enforcement and attitude of taxpayer. The other cases studies, which showed the existence of this study tax awareness, and quality service delivery, are negatively in significant relation or has no relationship with the effective tax administration. Finally, the study recommends the revenue office to have fair treatment, active taxpayer’s education, secure high-quality service to citizens, enforce tax law and the taxpayer attitude toward tax, by strengthening professional level with training or advanced education, and ITC to improve tax collection.
DETERMINANTS OF BUDGET EFFECTIVINESS IN GURAGUE ZONE OFFICE OF FINANCEAND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) TIBEBU FREW
Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), is a recently introduced grain legume crop with high potential uses and export demand. However poor crop management practices, including improper NPSB fertilization rate and absence of improved varieties contributed to low productivity in the study area. Hence a field experiment was conducted in Cheha district, Gurage Zone to evaluate the effect of blended NPSB fertilizer rates on the yield and yield components of mung bean varieties. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were 16 treatment combinations, comprising two mung bean varieties (NVL-1 and Rasa) and eight blended NPSB fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, 75,100, 125, 150 and 175 kg ha-1). The results showed that the highest values for most growth parameters and yield components were obtained with the application of 175 kg ha-1 NPSB. Results from the main effect of NPSB fertilizer rates indicated that the highest values for plant height (75.83), total number of branches (8.43), total number of nodules (22.91 and 22.6), number of effective nodules (13.41and 13.01) hundred seed weight (35.5g) and above ground dry biomass (5606.3 kg ha-1) were obtained. The interaction between variety and NPSB rate significantly influenced several growth and yield traits. The combination of Rasa variety with 175 kg ha-1 NPSB resulted in the highest days to 50% flowering (55.66 days),days to 90%physiological maturity (88.33 days), number of pod per plant (31), number of seed per pod(13.91), grain yield (1403.33 kg ha-1) and harvest index (24.97%).The partial budget analysis indicated that the combination of rasa variety with 175 kg ha1 NPSB gave the highest net benefit (48,928 Birr ha-1) with 1113.2% marginal rate of return. Therefore, the use of 175 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer with Rasa variety are recommended for optimal mung bean yield and economic benefit in the study area and similar agro ecology. These findings provide valuable insights for farmers and researchers to enhance mung bean production and address yield limitations in Ethiopia. However, since the result is only on one season and one location, further research is recommended to be carried out across more seasons and locations.
DETERMINANTS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS DEPOSIT GROWTH IN ETHIOPIA
(Wolkite University, 2022-05) YIDNEKACHEW DULA
The general objective of this study is to examine factor affecting commercial banks deposit growth in Ethiopia. In order to achieve this objective descriptive and econometric analyses were performed. The target population was thirteen Banks in commercial activities, out of twenty-two commercial bank selected with 13 years back in the industry and registered by NBE under operation in Ethiopia and selected purposive sampling technique for the study. The panel data set for the study used secondary source consisted of annual data spanning from2009 to 2021 gathered from the national bank of Ethiopia. the dependent variable used to this study is deposit growth; explanatory variable used in this study were number of bank branch, loan to deposit ratio, deposit interest rate, awareness creation, age of company, exchange rate, profitability of the bank, and inflation rate. Different diagnostic tests were conducted to check the appropriateness of the model. Fixed effect model has been applied to find out of the results of explanatory variable. According to the final result achieved by applying panel data techniques, number of bank branches, exchange rate, and awareness creation had positively and statistically significant influence on commercial bank deposit growth; whereas, age of the bank and loan to deposit ratio are negative and statistically significant influence on commercial bank deposit growth. Whereas inflation rate had negative and insignificant influence on commercial bank deposit growth. And whereas deposit interest rate and profitability of the bank has positively and statistical insignificant. Finally, The study suggest that Ethiopian commercial banks specifically private owned banks have to open more branch in order to more accessible to the society, as the same times to increase their deposit and competition with the public banks. The Ethiopian people have exchange rate to change the currency commercial banks it creates more awareness of the people and also the Ethiopian commercial banks have to work on creating of awareness about banking services by recruit sales persons or promotion, who have an experience in marketing in order to advertise the products and services of the commercial bank through door-to-door activities.
DETERMINANTS OF EFFECTIVE BUDGET UTILIZATION THE CASE OF GURAGE ZONE FINANCE
(2023-05) Mintesnot Tamiru
The purpose of this study is to determine factors affecting budget utilization in gurage zone. To accomplish this objectives Descriptive research type were adopted. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative approach. From 16 woredas, 9 woreda selected 4 town administrations by random sample, city administration finance office and zone finance office are selected. The study used the response from 259 employees directly related to budget preparation, implementation and controlling .primary data were collected through questionnaire. The researcher used questionnaire to collect data for the research. The questionnaire contained open and closed ended questions and covered areas of budget utilization to come up with good raw data for the research. All collected information was analyzed by using both descriptive, multiple linear regression models and ANOVA testing. Data obtained from respondents were entered into STATA12 for analysis. For this study, six independent variables were identified including, fund diverting, and management support, inflation rate, government policy, and staff capacity and auditing. Therefore based on output of STATA12 the following variables fund diverting, staff capacity, management support, auditing, and inflation rate affects budget utilization significantly. The remaining five variables, fund diverting, management support, inflation rate, staff capacity and auditing are insignificant at p>0.05. Then, the researcher recommended that gurage zone public organizations should understand the contributions of these five variables to poor budget utilization in the public sector offices.
DETERMINANTS OF INTERNAL AUDIT EFFECTIVENESS IN GURAGE ZONE PUBLIC SECTORS, WOLKITE, ETHIOPIA
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) TAMIRU SUFA BIRKETA
The main intention of this study was identifying the determinants of internal audit effectiveness in GURAGE zone public sectors offices. The researcher gathered data from primary sources. The primary data has been collected by distributing five point Likert scale questioner to the sampled respondent. The study has been conducted by taking purposive sample and the questionnaires were collected from 80managers, development planning officers, ethics and anti-corruption officers, government finance purchasing and property management department officers and theinternal auditor of purposively selected public sectors offices. To attain the objective of the study descriptive and explanatory research design and qualitative research approach was considered. The correlation and multiple linier regression data analysis part were done by using SPSS version 29 and also OLS was used to test the null hypothesis. The demographic variables were analyzed through descriptive statistics tools. To investigate the effect of independent variables on internal audit effectiveness, correlation and regression analysis were used. Additionally, the finding of this study is to indicate the direct relation effects of internal audit independency, auditor’s proficiency, management support, information technology, approved Internal Audit Charter, effective internal control system and performance measurement of internal audit workwith the internal audit effectiveness within the public sector offices. The regression output showsthat each one independent variable: competency of internal auditors, Information technology, and performance measurement of internal audit work were positively related with and contributed significantly for the interior audit effectiveness. This study is vital for both academicians and managers because it helps to advance the understanding of things determining internal audit effectiveness and may accustom solve the sensible problems facing the inner audit within the public sector offices.
DETERMINANTS OF LIQUIDITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS OF ETHIOPIA
(Wolkite University, 2023-07) AREGAW DESALEGN
The purpose of this research is to identify the factors significant to explain Ethiopian commercial Banks liquidity. This study has categorized the independent factors into bank specific factors and macroeconomic factors. The panel data was used for the sample of eight commercial banks in Ethiopia from 2010 to 2021 year and estimated using Fixed Random Model (REM), data was present by using descriptive statistics and the balanced correlation and regression analysis for liquidity ratios was conducted. The findings of the study show that profitability and Capital adequacy had positive and statistically significant relationship with commercial banks’ liquidity. On the other hand, loan growth, bank size, non-performing loan and national bank bill had a negative and statistically significant relationship with liquidity. However, the relationship for inflation and Economic growth were found to be statistically insignificant. The study suggests that the banks in Ethiopia should not only be concerned about internal structures and policies/procedures, but they must consider both the internal environment and the macroeconomic environment together in developing their strategies to efficiently manage their liquidity position and banks must have increase their outreach to people by openings up more and more branches throughout the country, and improve their banking service by introducing new product and services like Agent banking, Mobile banking and Internet Banking through the application of modern technology. In general, the findings of the study reveals that, bank specific variables have more statistically significant impact on the determination of liquidity of Ethiopian private commercial banks, since they are internal variables that can be controlled by management, special emphasis shall be given to those significant variables
EFFECT OF BLENDED NPSB FERTILIZER RATES ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) VARIETIES AT ENORE ENER DISTRICT, CENTERA, ETHIOPIA
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-06) LIJWORK NIGATU AMERGA
Maize, a staple cereal crop in Ethiopia, suffers from low productivity in the study area due to poor soil fertility, limited fertilizer use, and low-yielding varieties. To address this, a field experiment was conducted during the 2021/2022 bulge cropping season in Enore Ener district, Central Ethiopia. The study evaluated the effects of blended NPSB fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of three maize varieties (BH-540, BH-546, and BH 661). The experiment also aimed toidentify economically viable NPSB fertilizer application rates. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of the three varieties and four NPSB fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha ) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on maize phenology, growth, yield, and yield components were collected and analyzed using SAS software (Version 9.3).The results showed a significant interaction between maize varieties and NPSB fertilizer ratesfor most parameters. The result revealed that, BH-661 with 150 kg ha 1 NPSB achieved the tallest in plant height (291.33 cm), maximum leaf area (7229.7 cm2), and highest leaf area index (4.3). Application of 150 kg ha 1 NPSB fertilizer with variety BH-546 also produced the most ears per plant (2.3) and most grains per ear (6432.7). Moreover, the application of 150 kg ha 1 NPSB fertilizer with variety BH-546 resulted in the highest grain yield (9,366.7 kg ha 1) and the greatest net benefit (211,865.55 Birr ha 1) Hence applying 150 kg ha 1 NPSB fertilizer with variety BH-546 is optimal for maximizing yield and net benefit in the study area., Nevertheless further research is needed across locations and seasons for robust recommendations to the region.
THE EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON PROFITABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
(Wolkite University, 2023-05) KENZU HUSSEN
This research study is undertaken to investigate the effect of capital structure on profitability of manufacturing company in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study examines the manufacturing specific and macro-economic factors that affect profitability of manufacturing company of Addis Ababa, Ethiopian. The data covered the period from 2010-2021 GC for the sample of selected seventeen manufacturing company. Quantitative research approach and explanatory design are adopted in carrying out this research. Secondary data is collect from the ERCA and NBE annual report by using purposive sampling technique. The random effect regression technique is used by econometric display EViews9 and Stata. The findings of the study shows that, Solvency and Debt to equity ratio(DER) have positive and statically significant effect on ROE and firm value and liquidity have negative and significant effect on ROE. When we come to ROA, solvency and Debt to asset ratio(DAR)have significant and positive effect on ROA and firm value, liquidity and DER have negative and statically significant effect on ROA. The remaining variables like are not significant. The researcher recommends, manufacturing company who has the axes of market demand, should mainly focus on the efficiently used the available resource to improve profitability of manufacturing company in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
EFFECT OF PLANTING DATES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) VARIETIES AT EZHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-05) DINO NASIR MOHAMED
Planting dates is a critical factor in maize production decision-making, with implications for crop management, variety selection, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Afield experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting date on growth and yield of maize varieties. The experiment was conducted in Ezha district during the 2023 main cropping season. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four maize varieties (BH540, BH661, Shone, and Limu) and four planting dates (9-April, 19-April, 29-April, and 9-May) laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)with three replications. The experiment's findings demonstrated that planting dates and varieties had a significant impact on most parameters examined. However, varieties had no effect on the number of days to anthesis and silking. The statistical analysis result revealed that, Limu variety interacted with the planting date of 9-April, resulted, the longest days to anthesis silking interval (11.67), the largest number of ears per plant (1.40), the highest thousand kernel weight (410), the highest above-ground dry biomass (13.93 kg ha-1), and the highest grain yield (6.71 t ha-1) of maize. Similarly, the planting date 9-May interacted with the same variety, resulted the longest days to anthesis silking interval (11.67). The variety Limu resulted in the highest days to maturity (170), ear length (16.63 cm), ear diameter (16.08 cm), and harvest index (43.92). Similarly, Variety BH661 resulted in the highest ear height (101.45), longest days to emergence (9.08 days), longest days to anthesis (95.58 days), and longest days to silking (103.17); beside, the highest plant height (238.97cm), and the highest number of rows per ear (16.40) recorded from variety shone. Conversely, the planting date of 9-April yielded the longest days to maturity (161.75), the highest number of kernels per row (35.56 cm), the highest ear height (84.93 cm), the longest ear length (17.61 cm), the longest ear diameter (17.74 cm), and the highest harvest index (42.05%). Likewise, the planting date of 9-May recorded the longest day to emergence (9.5), the longest day to anthesis (98.67), and the longest days to silking (107.83). Thus, based on the result, early planting on April 9 resulted in the highest grain yield (6.7 t ha-1) from the Limu variety, whereas the lowest grain yield (1.65 t ha-1) was recorded from the BH540 late planted on May 9. Therefore, variety Limu with early planting date (April 9) was recommended for maize production in the study area. However, the experiment was done only at one location and one season; therefore, it would have to be replicated across locations and seasons to get the best conclusive result and a sound full recommendation for a specific area in order to assure the findings of the current study.
THE EFFECT OF PROMOTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON EMPLOYEE’S MOTIVATION IN COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA, WEST ADDIS ABABA DISTRICT
(Wolkite University, 2022-01) TESFAYE REGASA AMAYU
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of promotion management practices on employee’s motivation in Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, West Addis Ababa District. Descriptive and explanatory research design was employed to carry out the study along with mixed approaches quantitative and qualitative. Sampling techniques such as purposive, proportionate stratified, and simple random were used. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires and structured interview, while secondary data was collected using document review which were related to the topic under consideration. 342 employees were selected and participated from the chosen branches. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentages, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as multiple linear regression model and Pearson correlation coefficient analyses were used to analyze the quantitative data with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science version 20. As to the qualitative data analysis, it was narrated systematically using content analysis approach and supported the quantitative data analysis. The findings of the study revealed that 82.3% of the variations in the employee’s motivation were attributed to the effect of the six variables in combination. In addition, all the independent variables have significant and positive effect on the motivation of employees. Among those, promotion opportunity has the greatest contribution. Furthermore, employee motivation and the five independent variables have significant, positive and strong relationship; however, motivation related factors practice has moderate relationship. Based on the findings the researcher recommended that, even though, most of the Commercial bank of Ethiopia West Addis Ababa District implemented promotion management practices to some extent highly, the bank is better to promote employees by using both on competency, performance based and educational background of employees. Moreover, CBE has to increases the awareness of employees through training about the bank’s promotion policy and procedures before executing promotion management practices in order to minimize personal biasedness and lack of consistency since its process has been carried out in a decentralized ways.
EFFECT OF SPRAY-DRYING CONDITIONS ON EGG POWDERS QUALITY TO ENHANCE THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF PLANT BASED COMPLEMENTARY FOODS (MITIN-AJA AND BULLA
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-05) KEYRE AMDALA
The general purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of land use types; slope gradient and their interaction on soil acidity and selected physico-chemical properties in West Azernet Berber Woreda. The experiment was taken as the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and total of 27 composite samples were taken. For data analysis, general linear model procedure of SAS version 9.4 was used.Three land uses (natural forest, grazing and cultivated land), and three slope gradients (10-15%, 5-10% and 2-5%) in three replications were considered for this study. Totally 27 composite soil samples were collected from cultivated, forest and grazing lands and slope gradients with three replications for laboratory analysis. Results indicated that the highest mean value of sand was recorded in grazing land and highest mean value of silt and clay were recorded under forest land, cultivated lands and upper slope classes respectively. Soils were strongly acidic (pH =5.2-5.4), whereas natural forest land uses and lower slope classes were moderately acidic2 (pH =5.9-6.0). The total porosity, bulk density and PH, Av.P, OM, CEC,Ca+2, Mg+2 K+, Na+, were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by land use types and slope gradients .Percent base saturation Total nitrogen and except silt, particle size distribution were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by land use typesand slope classes . The mean values of sand ,total porosity, pH, OM, TN, CEC, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Na+ and PBS were higher in forest and lower slope classes as compared with grazing , cultivated lands and in 10-15% and 5-10% slope classes respectively. The exchangeable acidity and exchangeable Al were significantly (P≤0.05) affected by under cultivated land and grazing lands and upper slope classes. Generally, land use types and slope gradient have significant effect on their interaction soil acidity and selected physic-chemical properties of soil. Therefore, in order to reduce soil acidity problem, minimize intensive cultivation, over grazing, liming and integrated soil acidity management practice is recommended for study area and further study should be investigated on the rest soil nutrients.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LAND USE TYPES, SOIL DEPTH AND TOPOGRAPHY ON SELECTED PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AT WUNKE WATERSHED OF GETO WOREDA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA
(wolkite universty, 2023-10) HABTU WOLDEYESUS
The study of soil's physical and chemical properties is critical for the sustainable management of agricultural resources and economic growth. The purpose of the study was to look into the effects of different land use types, soil depth and topography on selected physical and chemical properties of soil in the Wunke watershed of Geto woreda in southern Ethiopia. This study considered three land uses (cultivated, grazing, and enset land), two soil depths (0-20 and 20-40cm), and three topographic positions (upper, middle, and lower) in three replications. For laboratory analysis, a total of 54 composite samples were collected. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the statistical analysis system (SAS, 2008) to determine whether or not variations in soil their interaction were significant. The findings revealed that the majority of the soil's physical and chemical properties varied with, the interaction effect of land use, soil depth and topography. The interaction effects of land use and soil depth affected particle size distribution, BD, AP, OC, TN CEC, exchangeable bases and PBS. Exchangeable bases and PBS were all significantly influenced by the interaction effect of land use and topography. The interaction effect of soil depth and topography affected sand, silt, pH, AP, OC, TN, and Ca. The interaction effect of land use, soil depth, and topography affected CEC, exchangeable bases and PBS. The highest bulk density (1.17gcm-3) was found grazing land of lower depth, while the lowest (1.0 gcm-3) was found on enset land of lower depth. Soils on enset land had consistently higher pH values, followed by grazing and cultivated lands. , higher (4.1%) mean organic carbon content was found upper depth of lower topographic position and lower (2.4%) mean TN content values were found in cultivated land of lower depth. The effects of soil depth on soil properties revealed that the surface soil layer had the highest sand fraction, TN, OC, and CEC. The subsurface soil layer had the highest clay fraction and the lowest values of TN, OC, and CEC. The interaction effect of land use, soil depth, and topography on soil properties revealed that the lowest layers of soils with the highest exchangeable bases and CEC were found at the lower topographic position under the three land use types. Soil fertility in cultivated lands was lower than in enset and grazing lands. Most of the measured soil properties were better in enset land than in other land use soils, and lower topographic positions were better than upper and middle topographic positions.
THE EFFECTS OF E-BANKING ON BANK PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF SOME SELECTED ETHIOPIAN COMMERCIAL BANKS
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-06) MIHRET DEJU
The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of e-banking on the performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. The study adopted a quantitative research approach with an explanatory design. ROA was used to measure and explain the performance of selected commercial banks. The explanatory variables were TP, NDCU, and NMBU. Secondary data was collected in panel form for 15purposively selected commercial banks from NBE and audited financial statements of commercial banks for 5 years (2017-2021). penal regression models were adopted to examine the relationship between the study variables. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics using SPSS software. The finding of the study confirmed that from bank-specific variables value of TP had significant and positive effects on the financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia measured by return on asset. On the contrary NMB and NDC had a significant negative impact on financial performance measured by return on asset.The finding generally concludes that the Number of TP was the main contributor of bank profitability in Ethiopia measured by ROA. The study recommends that Banks should invest more on new e-banking channel for automating their banking system and it is imperative to devise strategies that involve alliances and collaborations between commercial banks, since e-banking requires promising activity to increase the profitability of Ethiopian commercial Banks fascinatingly.
EFFECTS OF FAVA BEAN ROASTING TEMPERATURE, TIME, AND MILLING FRACTIONS ON WHEAT-FABABEAN COMPOSITE FLOUR PROPERTIES, AND BREAD QUALITY.
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) SEFINESH MUSEMA
Legumes, like fava beans, are being used in food due to their protein and fiber content, potentially preventing malnutrition in underdeveloped nations and reducing food insecurity. This study sought to enhance the nutritional and acceptability of bread prepared from wheat and roasted fava bean (70:30) with various milling fractions of fava bean. Central Composite Design was used to optimize the roasting temperature and time with response to protein, fiber, tannin, and Phytic acid contents. The numerical model showed that roasting time of 20.69 minutes at temperature of 150.0 °C resulted in predicted values of 26.3%, 10.04%, 10.04 mg/g, and 652.702 mg/g respectively with a desirability of 0.626. The selection of faba bean milling fractions, large (0.6-0.4), medium (0.4-0.3), and small (0.3-0.15) were based on preliminary investigation focusing on its final brad quality. The larger particle size produced higherprotein (17.87%), lower carbohydrate (63.97%), whereas higher fiber (7.6%) content was found in medium particle sizes. The pasting temperature were icreases from (88.75°C) to(90.52°C) with increase in particle size. The setbak, peak time, and final viscosity were recorded from lage to small particlesizes (433 to 576Cp), (6.08-5.93min), and (957-1267Cp)respectively. The highest degree of softness (252) and farinograph quality number (49) were founded in smallest and medium particle sizses respectively. The color parameters L*, b*, a* showed darkness effect with the addition of bean at different particle size. The textural properties of bread made from medium and small particles were almost comparable, and the large particle sizes were recorded high firmness (10.99 N), gumminess (6.92 N), and low resilience (1.15) values. The highest loaf volume and sensorial score were conducted in small and medium particle sizes. From this fava bean roasting time 20.69 minutes at temperature of 150.0 °C with medium particle sizes, improve the nutritional, textural, and sensory acceptability of wheat bread.