Postgraduate

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THE AFRICAN UNION APPROACH FOR PEACE SETTLEMENT: THE CASE OF CONFLICT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA AND THE TIGRAY PEOPLE’S LIBERATION FRONT
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) TADEWOS KOCHITO MAREKO
This study is intended to investigate the African Union's approach to peace settlement in the case of conflict between the government of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front. To achieve this, the study examined the African Union's efforts, achievements, and challenges in implementing the peace process using a qualitative research approach and descriptive research design. In doing so, the researcher used both primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data were collected from key informants who were selected through the purposive sampling technique, and the secondary data were collected from documentary sources. A descriptive method was employed to analyze the collected data. The findings of the study make it clear that the African Union approach to peace settlement was successful, that a peace process was effective, and that it has proven that the notion of African solutions to African problems is actually implemented on the ground. As well, from the AU’s diplomatic effort in Ethio Tigray’s peace process, various lessons were learned. Besides, the AU continues to make progress in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, the end of hostilities, and the essential services that have also been maintained and restored to those in conflict-affected areas. On the other hand, the African Union has faced certain challenges in implementing the peace process; this includes a lack of funds, unwillingness aspirations from parties, and a weak institutional system. Thus, it is recommended that the Horn of Africa regional bodies, the African governments, and other external actors like the US, UN, and EU voluntarily provide the relevant skills and resources to perform the mandated tasks of the African Union.
AN EVALUATION OF THE WRITING TASKS AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION; INTHE CASE OF GRADE 12 ENGLISH TEXT BOOK
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-08) DEJENE DEGAGA
The purpose of this study was to evaluate grade 12 the old English textbook writing tasks and their implementations. A descriptive research design was used. The writing tasks of the study included a Grade 12 the old English textbook, 50 grade twelve students, and three English teachers. The simple random sampling technique and the comprehensive sampling technique were used to select the participant students and teachers, respectively. As data collection tools, document analysis, questionnaires, and observations were used. Then, the book was evaluated using the checklist, and the data obtained from participant teachers and students were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Data from the document analysis were analyzed qualitatively while data from the questionnaire and observation were analyzed quantitatively. All the activities presented in the writing tasks were designed in accordance with the data collected from questionnaire and observation. The variety of writing activities was not enough. The activities include a limited variety of active learning methods. Moreover, most of the activities did not include the three stages of language learning; pre-task, while task, and post-task. The teachers did not appropriately implement the tasks. The roles of learners and teachers in the writing tasks of the book were appropriate. However, these roles were not clearly stated in the book. The number of individual work activities was relatively high compared to the whole class and group activities. More number of pair and group work activities exceeding individual activities should be include in the writing tasks.
ANEVALUATIONOFTHEGRADENINEENGLISHTEXTBOOK'S COMMUNICATIVEGRAMMARTEACHINGTASKSANDEFLTEACHERS' IMPLEMENTATIONATSODOBUEEADMINISTRATIONSECONDARY SCHOOLINFOCUS
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-06) WENDMU MEKONEN
ASSESSIMENT OF INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM IN PEACE BUILDING PROCESS; THE CASE OF GEDEBANO GUTAZER WOLENE WOREDA IN GURAGE ZONE
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-01) FISEHA KIFLE
The main objective of this study is to find out the effectiveness of yegorden sera indigenous conflict resolution institution among Gedebano Gutazer Wolene woreda Gurage zone Central Ethiopia. To attain this objective, the study employed both secondary and primary data sources. The primary data were gathered through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. Secondary data were obtained from local government office through, published and unpublished material .Both primary and secondary data were organized thematically and analyzed through systematic interpretation and triangulation of various sources. The study found that conflict related with land grazing, water, inheritance issues and border conflicts are main causes of conflict among the Gedebano Gutazer Wolene Woreda. Conflicts are manifested at family, neighborhood and clan level with varying magnitude. Finally, the study concluded the local elders forced the conflicting parties to come and discuss their problem; this considered as the domination of decision-making process on the eyes of residents. During decision-making process, youths actively participate in the process-disregarding women in the study area. In addition the researcher recommended that Serious measure should be taken by the concerned body in supporting elders and religious leaders financial, and material in order to compensate their time and agricultural work and Due attention should be given by the woreda officials for the procedures and rules to settle the conflicts in a written form as they differ according to culture and custom of the society.
ASSESSING CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION: INTHE CASE OF ENORENEREMEGER WOREDA IN GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIAREGIONAL STATE
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) MAHMUD EWNETU
In developing countries like Ethiopia, rural to urban migration affects the social and economic conditions of both urban and rural areas. The purpose of this research study is to assess the causes and consequences of rural to urban migration in Enorenermegr woreda in Gurage zone. To achieve the objectives of this study have used different methodological approaches,like descriptive research design and mixed research approaches. That implemented qualitative and quantitative research approaches.In the research study area 384 targeted population is samples taken from most migration exposed rural kebeles. That data collected from primary and secondary data sources. The interpreted data shown that the greater number of younger age groups were migrating in study area. Which the compiled data also demonstrated that many of the local residents people exposed urban migration, most of them are younger adults and unmarried single individuals persons.In Addition to that, many primary and secondary school students dropping out in their education earlier age's exposed to migration.As results with continues flows of migration happened formerly vibrant villages are badly changed inactive villages and many beautiful houses are highly shutting down. There are many causes to migrating people to most urban destination areas. The researcher investigated that most of the pushing and pulling factors are most likely related to seek different job opportunities, to generate incomes and gain preferred better lifestyles rather than hate those who have burdens of hardship rural works. And also related pushing factors in rural areas are mostly less agricultural productivity, and shortage of different infrastructures were the major problems. Many of the migrants in the study area initially migrated for a period and adjustment for temporary life, then adapted for permanently settled life in the destination cities or towns. The researcher across the study investigated some mitigating useful points recommendations are, effective rural policy developments actions that regional and urban management policy will be reviewed. Suggested to minimize this sudden migration it needs a big push actions. The fact that poverty reduction during rural to urban transformation and rural development program is still more important than urbanization.
ASSESSING STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN GURAGE ZONE IN THE CASE OF TIYA SECONDARY SCHOOL GRADE 10TH STUDENTS IN FOCUS.
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-05) ALEMU ADIMAS
The main objective of this study is assessing students‟ reading skills for academic purpose in Gurage Zone in the case of Tiya secondary school grade 10th students. The researcher used descriptive research design. This was because as the researcher tried to describe the observed data which were collected through the three data collection tools (questionnaire, interview and observation). There were 200 students who have been attending their grade 10th education with four separate sections and there were four home room teachers and one English teacher who have been teaching them at Tiya secondary school. Of these, 30% (60) students were selected for this study. To achieve the intended objective of the study, four home room teachers and one English teacher were selected for interview purposefully and twelve(12) students also were selected for it in lottery method (simple random sampling technique).The researcher mainly used forty eight(48) students for questionnaire from the whole sections( 12 students were selected randomly in each section). In addition to this, the researcher employed class room observation on English teacher at this school. The researcher mainly used questionnaire and interview as main tools for data collection and observation also used for cross-checking the data which were given in the questionnaire and interview. The result of the study obtained in thequestionnaire showed that English teacher mainly used teacher-centered teaching methodology in teaching reading skill. English teacher highly provided the post reading tasks to the learners and the learners were less motivated to do the pre and while- reading tasks as well. Since English teacher's teaching reading was so poor, the learners were supposed to do only the given or the post reading task as they suggested. The data obtained from interview depicted that the learners have lack of vocabulary knowledge, lack of reading habit, and their irritated kind of early schooling(reading) background were mainly affected them unable to improve their reading skills and academic performance. In addition, the poor implementation of teaching reading skill was also made the learners unable to improve their reading skills and academic performances. Similarly, the result obtained from the classroom observation revealed that teaching reading skill was given less emphasis as the English teacher used teacher-centered teaching methodology and as the learners did not get ample opportunities in guessing, predicting, analyzing and relating their prior knowledge with the existing knowledge. V 8In general, the students‟ lack of reading habit, lack of vocabulary knowledge, family (parents) work load, the irritated kind of their early schooling background and the poor implementation of English teacher‟s teaching reading skills were the major factors that hindered the students‟ reading skills for academic purpose in the case of Tiya secondary school grade 10th students. According to the results of the three instruments, it is possible to conclude that teaching reading skills at Tiya secondary school was very poor and it was given less emphasis. Hence, it is possible to recommend that reading skill should be taught in accordance with the students‟ involvements (student-centered teaching methodology)
ASSESSING THE CHALLENGES AND SMALL ENTERPRISES MURAD JEMAL KEMAL WOLKITE WOLKITE, ETHIOPIA i OF YOUTH ENTREPRENEURS IN : IN THE CASE OF GURAGE ZONE
(Wolkite University, 2020-06) MURAD JEMAL KEMAL
the main objective of this study was to assess the challenges of youth entrepreneur in Gurage zone. For the sake of achieving the objective of this study questionnaires were analyzed using statistical analyses such as descriptive analyses. Moreover, the study utilized cross-sectional in the sense thatall relevant data was collected at a single point in time. The respondent youth entrepreneurs were selected using stratified sampling technique from a target population of 384 youth entrepreneur inMSE. The information gleaned through questionnaires from a sample of 184 youth entrepreneurs and face- to- face interviews were conducted with 9 key informants in MSE offices. Beside this the interview questions were analyzed using descriptive narrations. The empirical study elicited the main challenges of youth entrepreneurs in Gurage zone, which include: economic challenge(infrastructure, lack of premises, lack of market, lack of networking, lack of finance lack of managerial skill); lack of training, legal/administrative challenge and socio-cultural challenges. Training challenge take the leading position of severity followed by legal/ administrative challenges, economic challenges and socio cultural challenges respectively. Based on the findings of the study youth entrepreneurs should make lobbies together to the concerned government officials by forming entrepreneurs associations. Besides this, youth entrepreneurs in MSEs should search for other alternative supporting agents rather than relaying only on MSE offices in improving their performance and solving problems. Furthermore, MSE offices should also facilitate training with stakeholders and discuss with municipalities and other administrative bodies to make youth entrepreneur’s owners of working premise (land), facilitates finance and solve other challenges of youth
ASSESSING THE PRACTICE OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN CASE OF COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA WOLKITE BRANCH
(Wolkite University, 2019-06) AEMIRO BAWOKE
The senior essay on the risk management practice was conducted on commercial bank ofEthiopia at Worksite branch. The researcher stated the statement of the problem both general and specific objectives and significance of the study. The researcher used descriptive data analysis method. To conduct the research, the researcher employed use primary data was collected through questioner on risk management practice. The data collected was analyzed using percentage and presented in tabular form base on identifiable problems. By increasing the independent variables researcher try to reduce error and the result were likely to be more accurate and precise. The financial performance would be measured by use of return on asset. The study also focused on financial risk as independent variable and more result the relationship between risk management and financial performance in commercial bank of Ethiopia. The researcher recommended that it was a high time forth bank to adopt a contemporary, proactive and decentralization risk manage metasystem if it tends to survive the thunders of local composition, the flood of globalization and the tremble of our dynamic market and economic condition
ASSESSING THE SOCIAL EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON WOMEN HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN RURAL AREAS: THE CASE OF ENOR WOREDA IN GURAGHE ZONE, SNNPRS
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) SIRAK MOHAMMED
This study was aimed at assessing the social effects of poverty on women-headed households in rural areas, specifically in the case of Enor Woreda, Guraghe Zone, SNNPRS. A total of 99 sample women-head households were randomly selected from five selected kebeles. Primary and secondary data sources were used for this study. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaire, key informant interview and focus group discussions from rural women-headed households and concerned representatives from government sector and non-governmental organizations. By taking their specialized knowledge and experience in working with women headed households, the researcher involved experts from various backgrounds, including offices of labor and social affairs, culture and tourism, and NGO. This helped, the researcher to gather a comprehensive understanding of the social effects of poverty on women-headed households in rural areas, allowing for a more holistic analysis of the topic. To this end, the researcher used mixed approaches of both qualitative and quantitative methods to conduct the study. Descriptive design was employed to analyzing the collected data. Hence, the quantitatively gathered data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency tables and percentages). The findings of this study made it clear that female-headed households were facing different social problems in accessing social services such as education, clean water, healthcare, and housing due to poverty. Additionally, women-headed households in the study area have also been encountering difficulties in ensuring food security, physical safety, security, and maintaining good family relationships. Furthermore, the preliminary findings highlight the emergence of exclusion and stigma within these households, primarily influenced by poverty. Additionally, the research indicates that female-headed households are particularly vulnerable to gender-based violence, exclusion, and stigma due to their circumstances. To address these substantial issues, collaboration between communities, government entities, and non-governmental organizations is crucial. by means of working together, these stakeholders must formulate effective strategies to mitigate the social consequences linked to poverty among rural women-led households, regardless of their de facto or de jure status.
ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND EMPLOYEES’ SATISFACTION
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2020-10) Kasahun TAMIRAT
A study entitled Assessment of performance management system and employees’ satisfaction Ethiopia was conducted with the aim of identifying determinants affecting the employees satisfaction in some selected west Addis Abeba . A three stage random sampling technique was used to select representative employees; and a total of 349 employees were surveyed to collect primary data from sample respondent using a semi-structured questionnaire. Secondary data were also collected through reviewing of different documents from commercial bank of Ethiopia. Both descriptive and econometric methods of data analysis (binomial logit model) were used. The result of econometric analysis revealed that age, sex, access to training, and good working envaroment were found to significantly affect the employee satisfaction in the organization. The finding, therefore, focused to build the capacity and knowledge of employees with training, good working envaroment that satisfaying of employees towards it is works in the commercial bank of ethiopia.
ASSESSMENT ON MILKING AND HANDLING PRACTICES, MICROBIAL QUALITY AND SAFETY OF RAW COW MILK IN KOLFEKERANIO AND LEMIKURA SUB-CITIES OF ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
(Wolkite University, 2023-01) KURIBACHEW ENDALE GODANA
Raw cow milk serves as a good medium for microbial growth due to its complex biochemical composition and high water activity, Because of this character, the quality and shelf-life of milk is forced to be degraded. This study was conducted in Kolfekeranio and Lemikura sub cities of Addis Ababa to evaluate milking practice, microbial quality and safety as well as antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria in raw cow milk. Two districts were purposively selected from each sub-cities based on dairy potential. Small, medium and large-scale dairy farmers in the selected districts of study area owning dairy cattle for milk production were the targeted population. A total of 161 dairy producers were selected randomly based on proportion from each farm scale and interviewed individually using semi-structured questionnaire. For milk quality evaluation, 61 samples of raw cow milk were collected from producer’s container and transported by icebox to the laboratory. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 25.0. The result showed that the milking method practiced in the study area is hand milking. All the respondents wash their hands before milking but among them 27.3% of them washes with water only and 72.7% of them wash their hand with soap and water. The majority of the respondents use plastic materials for milking (83.9%), and milk storage (68.3%) respectively. The overall mean (±SD) of raw cow’s milk for standard plate count (SPC), E. coli count (EC), Coliform Count (CC) and Total Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC) were 6.24±1.43, 2.44±0.56, 4.34 ±1.27 and 2.87±1.02 log10cfu/ml respectively. Salmonella was not detected in the collected milk sample and the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was 37%. The isolated S. aureus bacteria were 100% susceptible for antibiotic drugs like Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Erythromycin, Tylosin, Clindamycin and Florenicol. On the other hand S. aureus was 87% susceptible and 13% intermediate for Enfrofloxacin, 78.3% susceptible and 21.7% resistance for Tilcimosin, 60.9% susceptible and 39.1% resistance for Tetracycline, 95.7% susceptible and 4.3% intermediate for Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. Based on the result of the current study, milk samples contained higher microbial load than National and International standards and contains pathogenic bacteria which will result in public health risk to the consumer. All concerned bodies in dairy industry should get public education about hygienic milk production to reduce the risk of milk borne pathogens and losses due to rejection resulting from contamination.
ASSESSMENT ON OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN COMMERTIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA (IN CASE OF WOLKITE BRANCH)
(Wolkite University, 2019-06) BIRHANU ALAMINEH
The research was conducted to assess operational risk management in commercial bank of Ethiopia at wolkite branch. The main objective of this study is to assess the operational risk management and controlling techniques in the bank. The researcher used both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data was collected from the employees of the organization through questionnaires. The secondary data was also gathered from books, materials, documents, and libraries. Researcher has used census survey sampling techniques in order to gather the essential data accordingly 36 employees of the organization where included. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive analysis tool were use such as percentage, frequency, tabulations. The major findings of the research show that personal property and motor vehicle risk were happened mainly due to carelessness of the employees in the organization. Finally researcher recommended that the company give special attention on this issue to minimize the risk
An Assessment on Urban Green Infrastructure Development and Challenges: A case of Wolkite Town, Gurage Zone, Central Ethiopia
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) FELEKECH TESFAYE
The concept of urban green infrastructure is being implemented as part of future land use plans in cities around the world. This study was aimed to assessing current status and challenges of urban green infrastructure development in Wolkite town. To achieve the aforementioned research objective, a mixed research approach was used. Representative sample respondents and key informant were selected using random and purposive sampling methods, respectively. Questionnaire, key informant interview were used as tools of data collection. Data obtained via survey questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 26). Data collected by document review and key informant interviews were analyzed by description for method of triangulation. The findings of the study revealed that road side plantation was the common urban green infrastructure in the study area. However, the status of urban green infrastructure is very poor this lead to dissatisfaction among the dwellers. Increasing green areas coverage had encouraging effect on urban green infrastructure while lack of strategic plan to facilitate the development and management of urban green infrastructure and lack of reserved spaces was identified as the major problem in the town. Based on the findings of the study, it concludes that urban green infrastructure in the study are faces various challenges and as a result to improve the coverage and quantity of urban green infrastructure of Wolkite town used its maximum effort on it, Wolkite town administration and municipality administration should give consideration for plan, implantation and rules regarding urban green infrastructure in the study are
BEST PROXIMITY THEOREM FOR GENERALIZED (θ,γ)-PROXIMAL CONTRACTION MAPPING IN RECTANGULAR QUASI B- METRIC SPACE
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-06-10) KASAHUN BEYENE BEJIGA
This paper explores best proximity point theorems whit in the framework of broad (θ,γ) proximal reduction “mappings in rectangular quasi b-metric spaces”. “We introduce the class of rectangular quasi b- metric” space as a broadening of rectangular metric space, “rectangular quasi” b-metric space, “rectangular b-metric” space,define broad (θ,γ)proximal reduction mappings. Establish situation under which a optimal proximity point exists and provide example to clear my results. Extend previous work on fixed point theorems and contribute to the theory of proximity points in non-standard metric spaces.
Challenges and Opportunities of Industrializations To Local Community in Sebeta Town
(wolkite universty, 2023-10) BEKELE DUGUMA JIMA
The study has conducted on the challenges and opportunities of industrialization to local community in Sebeta twon. Primary and secondary data were employed, and questionnaires, interview,case study and obsevetion used as primary data collection tools. Descriptive such as tables ,frequency , percents were used . Descriptive data analyses were employed to show the impacts of industrialization on livelihoods of local community such as , land holding size ,employment opportunity and displacements and the interaction effect between expansion of industrial establishment with these variables. The results show industrial expansions has decrease land holding size of individuals, is less likelihood of creating employment opportunity, and displacements of individuals and low engagement of industrial organization in solving problem in surround area.Idustrial project have to benefit local communities though having share holder in the companies.Local people should be consulted in the process of land allocation to the invester(s).Participation of local communities in the industrial project and Invester(s) should understand the local condition I.e culture of local communities where they invest industrial project.
CHARACTERIZATION, CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING OF SOILS OF MEGECHA MICRO-WATERSHED, EZHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, ETHIOPIA
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2023-11) ALEMU WEGU JEZA
The study was conducted at Megecha Micro-Watershed Ezha District in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. Because of a diversified geography, climatic conditions, and geology, Ethiopia has a variety of soil resources which were studied at small scales 1:250,000, with high levels of generalization. Site specific soil characterization and classification can serve as initial step in creating baseline information for developing land use planning and management practices. Therefore purpose of this study was to characterize, classify and mapping soils of Megecha micro-watershed, to generate baseline information, for formulating the management alternatives for different soil types identified. Four representatives Pedon were opened at the upper, middle and low slope position and soil field description was made. A total of 17 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from each genetic horizon. The results of the study revealed that color, consistency, texture, bulk density (BD) and of the soils varied with the slope position and soil depth. Lower BD, darker red color and soft (dry) consistency were observed at the upper slope position whereas higher BD, very dark gray color and hard (dry) consistence were observed in the low slope areas. The depth of the soils was very deep (200+cm) and the textural classes varied from silt to clay, Soil reaction (pH)(5.3 to 6.3) categorized by moderately acid to slightly acidic, Soil organic carbon (SOC)(0.58 to 2.99%) content was categorized as low to high, Available Phosphorus (P) (0.28 –1.20 mg kg-1 ) was rated as inadequate range, Total Nitrogen (N) (0.02 to 0.27% ) content was rated as very Low to high, C: N ratio varies from (6.43 to 29) ) and found in low to high range, Soil CEC varied from (5 - 47 cmolc kg-1) categorized as very low to very high and PBS (19.19 to 87. 19%) was categorized as very low to very high. Regarding the soil classification Pedon 1 classified as Chromic Alisols (Epidystric), Pedon 2, Chromic Alisols (Dystric), Pedon 3 Hablic Alisols (Dystric) and Pedon 4 Pellic Vertisols (Hypereutric).The soilmap was developed for these identified soils types. Thus, in introducing new agricultural technologies like application of lime, use vermin compost and soil and water conservation practices were needed to the study area, the local variations in soils should be considered for a sustainable agricultural development.
DETERIMINANTS OF FARMER PARTICIPATION TO WHEAT CLUSTER FARMING AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROLE IN SODO WOREDA, EAST GURAGHE ZONE, CENTERAL ETHIOPIA
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) GIRMA KOTO GUDA
Cluster farming is an agricultural practice that involves organizing and grouping together farmers within a specific geographic area based on proximity of their farm plots and it increasingly recognized as a viable means of improving smallholder economy in money developing countries .Ethiopia’s farming system is dominated by Smallholder farmers who accounts for 96 percentage of total cultivated area generated 95 percent of total production. Agriculture has not been used to its full potential for development in Ethiopia due to low productivity and low-level of value addition of smallholder. Enhancing productivity and value addition among smallholder farmers is broadly perceived as a main strategy which is achieved through promoting agricultural cluster farming approach. This thesis is focused on studying determinants farmers’ participation decision of wheat cluster farming and its role in Sodo Woreda of Eeast Guraghe zone of central Ethiopia. In this study both primary and secondary data were used. The primary data were collected from a sample of 274 household heads randomly selected by using two stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics include mean, standard deviation, ratio, frequencies, and range. Econometrics models such as Binary probitand OLS model were employed to analyze the data. Variables, sex of house hold headed, farm size, training access and mechanization use were significantly affect wheat cluster farming in the study area. Lastly this study recommends that actors should invest on linking farmers of both sexes to enhance wheat cluster farming participation of farmers. Mechanization use positively influenced wheat cluster farming participation decision and extent of cluster participation level the government and concerned body should organize farmers and facilitate credit facilities for them to buy different agricultural tools. Training access significantly influenced farmers ‘participating in wheat cluster farming so the concerned body should train farmers to bring a good result.
DETERMINANT OF EFFECTIVE TAX ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM IN GURAGA ZONE
(Wolkite University, 2022-05) TARIKU TEWAJU
The best tax policy in the world is worth little if it cannot be implemented effectively. tax administration is the one that ensures high taxpayer’s compliance level. Nevertheless, measuring the effectiveness of the tax administration by the size of the tax collected is unsophisticated judgment. Therefore considering the tax payers equality treated are gap rather a much stronger criterion for the effectiveness of tax administration. Ethiopian revenue costume authority apply unusual estimating methods for hard -to -tax group’s viz. presumptive taxation to ascertain the tax liability of category ‘C’ taxpayers due to the corresponding administrative burden of auditing of such taxpayers. This study has attempted to identify the determinants that affect tax administration in Gurage zone selected werdas and city’s administration. Wire collected foremen Primary data collected from both revenue office employees and category ‘C’ taxpayers. By Proportionate Simple random sampling technique used and Descriptive and inferential statistics used to analyze the data. The study found that revenue office’s decisions have perpetuating phenomena in developing tax administration effectiveness among disfavored taxpayers, which was used as an indirect approach to measure the effectiveness of tax administration in this study., lack of tax education (tax awareness) ,lack of quality service delivery, lack of legal enforcement and attitude of tax payer towards tax the consequent of taxpayers, which showed the existence of the strong relationship between tax administration effectiveness and tax fairness and equity, tax law enforcement and attitude of taxpayer. The other cases studies, which showed the existence of this study tax awareness, and quality service delivery, are negatively in significant relation or has no relationship with the effective tax administration. Finally, the study recommends the revenue office to have fair treatment, active taxpayer’s education, secure high-quality service to citizens, enforce tax law and the taxpayer attitude toward tax, by strengthening professional level with training or advanced education, and ITC to improve tax collection.
DETERMINANTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN ETHIOPI A
(wolkite university, 2018-06) BIRHANGI RMA
I improvements in the agricultural productivity and rural household’s income and identifying the factors contribute to its improvement is very critical for enhancing food security and poverty reduction strategy in Ethiopia. The aim of this paper isto investigate the factors contributing to agricultural productivity and rural households’ income differential in Ethiopia. The study used panel data of Ethiopian socio- economic survey collected by Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopian collaboration of World Bank in the three survey periods of 2012, 2014 and 2016production years. The study was used econometric models derived from Cob- Dogla sproduction function namely: Pooled ordinary least square (within- group) , fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE) models for labor and land productivity and multiple regression models to identify contributing factors for rural household income differential across regions. And the model output indicated that, irrigation use, number of oxen, non- farm income, and education level of household head, cultivated area, age and amounts of fertilizer used were the significant variables that contribute to farm income differential in the study area. Therefore, the policy implication of the study is that, increasing and proper utilization of the aforementioned variable’s should have get due attention to speed up the enhancement of agricultural productivity and rural household income.
DETERMINANTS OF BUDGET EFFECTIVINESS IN GURAGUE ZONE OFFICE OF FINANCEAND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) TIBEBU FREW
Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), is a recently introduced grain legume crop with high potential uses and export demand. However poor crop management practices, including improper NPSB fertilization rate and absence of improved varieties contributed to low productivity in the study area. Hence a field experiment was conducted in Cheha district, Gurage Zone to evaluate the effect of blended NPSB fertilizer rates on the yield and yield components of mung bean varieties. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were 16 treatment combinations, comprising two mung bean varieties (NVL-1 and Rasa) and eight blended NPSB fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, 75,100, 125, 150 and 175 kg ha-1). The results showed that the highest values for most growth parameters and yield components were obtained with the application of 175 kg ha-1 NPSB. Results from the main effect of NPSB fertilizer rates indicated that the highest values for plant height (75.83), total number of branches (8.43), total number of nodules (22.91 and 22.6), number of effective nodules (13.41and 13.01) hundred seed weight (35.5g) and above ground dry biomass (5606.3 kg ha-1) were obtained. The interaction between variety and NPSB rate significantly influenced several growth and yield traits. The combination of Rasa variety with 175 kg ha-1 NPSB resulted in the highest days to 50% flowering (55.66 days),days to 90%physiological maturity (88.33 days), number of pod per plant (31), number of seed per pod(13.91), grain yield (1403.33 kg ha-1) and harvest index (24.97%).The partial budget analysis indicated that the combination of rasa variety with 175 kg ha1 NPSB gave the highest net benefit (48,928 Birr ha-1) with 1113.2% marginal rate of return. Therefore, the use of 175 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer with Rasa variety are recommended for optimal mung bean yield and economic benefit in the study area and similar agro ecology. These findings provide valuable insights for farmers and researchers to enhance mung bean production and address yield limitations in Ethiopia. However, since the result is only on one season and one location, further research is recommended to be carried out across more seasons and locations.