College of Medicine and Health Sceinces
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College of Medicine and Health Sceinces
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Item SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN RURAL KEBELES OF CHEHAWEREDA GURAGE ZONE CENTERAL ETHIOPIA(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) -SHIKURIA ABDELAIntroduction: Self-medication practice is the use of drugs without a medical advice to treat self identified illnesses. This could lead to a multiple health problems for the mother and the fetus during pregnancy. However, the prevalence is reported to be high both in developed and developing countries. A large proportion of pregnant women in Ethiopia live in rural areas with low healthcare coverage and a lack of basic drug safety information. Despite this, studies are limited in rural Ethiopia and at the community level, and as a result, limited scientific evidence on SMP during pregnancy in the Gurage zone. Objective: To assess the prevalence of self-medication practice and identify its associated factors among pregnant women in rural Keble of Cheha Woreda Method: A community-based cross-sectional study design supplemented with qualitative data was employed on 607 pregnant women and 40 key informants in the rural kebele of Cheha woreda from March 1 to April 30/2024 GC. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select study participants; the quantitative data was collected using a structured interview questionnaire and analyzed with Binary logistic regression and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Results: Out of the sample pregnant women, 555 pregnant women and 38 key informants participated in the study with a response rate of 91.5%. The overall prevalence of SMP among pregnant women was 286(51.5%).Age of the pregnant women(AOR = 0.34, 95% CI (0.04-3.013)), ANC follow up (AOR=2.94, 95%CI (1.08-8.0)), Pregnancy related problem (AOR =0.056, 95% CI (0.03-0.09)), Knowledge(AOR = 2.02, 95% CI (1.06-3.84)), Distance from health facility (AOR =3.52 95% CI (1.13-10.9)) and Drug availability in the nearest health facility (AOR=2.6,95% CI: (1.44-4.7)) were significantly associated with self-medication practice. Minor illness, low cost alternative and time saving were the reasons to SMP. Conclusion and Recommendation: Almost half of the pregnant women practiced self-medication in the study setting. An awareness-building campaign and health education for pregnant mothers and general population, focusing on rural areas, need to be advocated.Item PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF UTERINE FIBROIDS AMONG REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN ATTENDING GYNECOLOGY UNIT IN GURAGE ZONE HOSPITALS, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA, 2024.(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) MUNTAHA KEDIRIntroduction: Uterine fibroid is one of the most common benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus that affect women of reproductive age. The prevalence of fibroids is significant with esti mates that 20-25% of women and about 235 million of women who represent 6.6% of global women population estimated to be affecting worldwide. In our country the prevalence and asso ciated factors of uterine fibroids among reproductive age women is still unclear, thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of uterine fibroids among women attending gynecological unit in Gurage Zone Hospitals, 2024. Methods: An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024, involving 342 study participants who were selected consecutively during the study period. The data were collected by using pre-tested structured questioners and data were entered into epi-data manager Version 4.2 and subsequently exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariable and Multivariable Lo gistic regressions analysis were performed to identify associated factors for uterine fibroids con sidering of 95% CI and P-value of < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of uterine fibroids among reproductive age women was 22.1%. The mean age of respondents was 33.4 and SD ± 6.8 years. Factors such as, age between 36-45 years (AOR = 8.635, 95% CI (1.179 - 63.223); participants educational status of secondary level (AOR = .040, 95% CI (.003-.485); experiencing infertility (AOR = 18.626, 95% Cl (4.336 - 80.011); obstetrics and gynecology related surgeries (AOR = 15.520, 95% Cl (5.755 - 41.854); ever used of contraceptives (AOR = .267, 95% Cl (.094 - .759); late age of menarche (AOR = .031,95% Cl (.001- .646); and family history of uterine fibroids (AOR = 6.705, 95% Cl (2.464 18.248); were significantly associated with uterine fibroids. Conclusion In this study, the prevalence of uterine fibroids found to be relatively high. Major predictors such as age of women, participant educational status, infertility, obstetrics and gynecology related op eration, contraceptives, family history, and late menarche age was found to be predictors of uter ine fibroids. Therefore, encourage of the women early childbirth, promotion of contraceptives pills through long times should be promoted by health information and health education pro gram.Item UTILIZATION OF EIGHT ANTENATAL CARE CONTACTS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG POSTNATAL WOMEN IN GURAGE ZONE, CENTERAL ETHIOPIA, 2024(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-04) AMINAT ALIBackground: Antenatal care refers to the care provided by skilled healthcare professionals to a woman from the start of her pregnancy until the onset of labor. It serves as a gateway for pregnant women in order to receive a broad range of health promotion and preventive services, including screening for warning signs during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum period. However, there is limited evidence on the utilization of the recent eight ANC contacts. Objective: To assess the utilization of eight ANC contacts and associated factors among postnatal women in Gurage zone, Central, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Gurage Zone Hospital from February 23 to May 22, 2024, using consecutive sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was employed via face-to-face interview and collected data was entered into EpiData version 4.6. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25. Binary logistic regression was applied to assess association between the dependent and independent variables with a p-value below 0.05 was used to define statistical significance. The analyzed data was presented in frequency, percentage, mean, tables and figures. Results: A total of 392 pregnant women were included with response rate of 93%. The mean age of participants was 28 (SD +5). Overall, 147 (37.5 %; 95% CI:32.5 -42.5%) pregnant women had completed eight ANC contacts. Up on multivariable logistic regression model, age Conclusion: Eight ANC contact utilization is found to be low the national of reaching every pregnant woman and associated with age, residence, gestational age, knowledge of mother on 8 ANC contacts, perceived barriers, perceived cue to action, and ANC satisfaction. These findings help health care programmers and policymakers to introduce appropriate policies and programs to ensure increase the coverage of eight ANC contact.Item HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING USING HEALTH BELIEF MODEL AND ASSOCISTED FACTORS AMONG GURAGE ZONE WOMEN, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) SIRAJ HIYARIntroduction: - Cancer is a diverse group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cervical cancer, specifically, begins in the cervix which is the narrow passage connecting the uterus to the vagina. Globally, cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most common cancer among women. World Health organization strongly recommends that women adhere to regular screening protocols established by their local healthcare systems. In Gurage zone as well as central Ethiopia, there are limited studies available on health seeking behavior toward cervical cancer screening. Objectives:-To assess the health care seeking behavior towards cervical cancer screening and to identify its associated factors among Gurage zone women, Central Ethiopia Method: - A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Gurage Zone from December 1, 2024-January 30, 2025 among 591 participants using multistage sampling method and 6 FGD was done with 50 participants. Following data collection, information was entered into Epi Data software then exported to SPSS for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics utilized frequency distributions, while analytical methods included binary logistic regression to examine relationships between various factors and screening behaviors. Result: - Among participants of this study 30.8% (95% CI: 27% - 35%) had positive health care seeking behavior. Government employees showed 78% (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.09–0.53; *p* = 0.001) lower and housewives were 55% (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.22–0.93; *p* = 0.031) less likely to have health care seeking behavior towards cervical cancer screening compared to farmers. Women who believed treatment was available were 11.4 times more likely to have health care seeking behavior towards cervical cancer screening (AOR = 11.44, 95% CI: 5.32–24.60; *p* < 0.001). Conclusion and recommendation: - based on this study, the health care seeking behavior towards cervical cancer screening is low. It is significantly associated with occupation, perceived severity, the availability of treatment and prevention and perceived barriers. Availing services in nearby facility and optimizing transportation system to service area will increase the performance.Item THE ROLE OF MICRO AND SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISES ON IMPROVING SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF YOUTH(Wolkite University, 2024-01-30) ZENEBE ALEMUYouth unemployment has been a common problem that faces in many urban areas of Ethiopia. In this regard, Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) are the main income generating activities of youth operating enterprises in Ethiopian cities and towns thereby contribute to unemployment reduction and poverty alleviation. The main objective of this study was to investigate the role of MSEs on improving socio-economic status of youth in Wolkite Town, Gurage Zone, Central Ethiopia Regional State, Ethiopia. The study followed a mixed research approach with simple random sampling techniques. Both primary and secondary data source were used. Tools of data collection primary sources were questionnaires, in-depth interview, observation and secondary data were collected using desk review. Accordingly, the population of the study consisted of 1687 enterprise owner/chair persons of Wolkite Town Administration. W a s u s e d t o s e l e c t 323 enterprise owner/chair persons and 11 key informants were selected using simple random sampling and purposive sampling respectively. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) whereas thematic analysis was employed to analyze the qualitative data. The result indicated that the MSEs have created not only job opportunities for the youths but also improve their social capital by creating friendly environment. However, many of the micro and small enterprises business owners have to deal with several challenges such as lack of skill and know how, lack of working places, lack of access to credit, and lack of continuous follow up and support services. It also recommends it is advisable that the youths’ are expected to develop confidence, their social status while running their own business and become interested and cooperative for whatever type of jobs available to them through organizing in groups and this in turn maintains safety of the society. Hence, the study further recommends that concerned bodies need to intervene in order to address these challenges and ensure sustainability of these businesses as an alternative development strategy.Item ASSESSMENT OF COLOSTRUM FEEDING PRACTICE & ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG LACTATING MOTHERS IN SODO WOREDA, GURAGE ZONE SNNPR REGION, ETHIOPIA 2023.(Wolkite University, 2024-01-30) TESFAYE BIRHANU G/MARIAMBackground: Colostrum is yellow to orange colored milk produced during the first few days ofdelivery and rich in nutrients and antibodies that have great role in health of the newborn baby.Despite the World Health Organization recommends that every newborn baby has to feed breastmilk with colostrum soon after delivery, poor colostrum feeding practice is still a common problem in Ethiopia. The main purpose of this study was to assess colostrum feeding practicesand associated factors among mothers having less than 12 months age in Sodo Woreda, Gurage Zone, SNNPR Region, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study designsupplemented by qualitative study was conducted from June 2023 to July 2023 among 352mothers of infants selected by systematic random sampling technique. The data were collecte dusing structured questionnaire, FGD & KII by semi structured guiding questionnaire. Descriptive analysis like frequency, percentage, & mean were performed. Binary and multiple logistic regression analysis were employed to identify associated factors. Variables with p-value <0.05with 95% confidence interval identified statistically significant. Data was entered in Epi-dataversion 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 24.0 for further analysis. Bivariable and multivari ablebinary logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the pertinent variables. Adjustedodds ratio with 95% confidence intervals and P-value <0.05 were considered to indicate asignificant statistical association. Results: Two hundred eighty three, 80.1%, with (95%, CI:0.758, 0.841) of lactating mothers good practiced of colostrum feeding, with among those respondents with good knowledge (88.1%) ((AOR=2.98 times [95% CI: 1.49, 5.94]) more likelyhad good colostrum feeding practice & mothers with good attitude (84.4%) ((AOR=7.16 times[95% CI: 3.834, 13.39]) more likely had good practice of colostrum. Mothers of infantscounseled on timely initiation of colostrum feeding during ANC (AOR =3.01[(95% CI: 1.20-7.53])) & postnatal care within the first 2-3 days (AOR = 8[(95% CI: 2.61-26.07])) were positively associated with good colostrum practice. Mothers living in urban have (AOR= 5[(95%CI: 2.4-10.41])) have better practice of colostrum. Mothers having history of multiparty (AOR=2[(95% CI: 1.18-4.34])) had good colostrum feeding practice. Mothers having frequent history ofANC visit had more likely to practice colostrum feeding (AOR=2.64 [(95% CI: 1.15-6.08])). Institutional delivery (AOR=5[(95% CI: 1.77-14.502]) had significantly associated.Conclusion: My study shows that two hundred eighty three, 80.1% of lactating mothers had good practice of colostrum feeding and which shows about 20% of mothers still did not feedxcolostrum to their newborn. Counseling on timely initiation colostrum feeding during ANC visits, residency, partner educational status, having information about colostrum, having goodknowledge & favorable attitude towards colostrum feeding practice were significantly associated with practice of colostrum feeding. However, lack of counseling on the importance colostrumfeeding to the neonate, home delivery to their neonate, and lack of information about colostrumfeeding were the factors negatively affecting the practices of colostrum feeding. Strengtheningeducation on timely initiation of breastfeeding during antenatal care, Sustaining awarenesscreation strategies and approaches were suggested for the improvement of the nutritional valueof colostrum and its health welfare for new born babiesItem The Prevalence and Associated Factors Of Soil –Transmitted Helminthiasis and Drug Efficacy Of Mebendazole For Treatment Of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis among Primary School Children at West Azernet Berbere District, Central Ethiopia, 2025(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) Nahom ZelekeBACKGROUND: Different types of parasitic worms are responsible for soil-transmittedhelminthes infections. Drug efficacy studies of soil-transmitted intestinal helminthes have notbeen well addressed in different parts of the tropics and subtropics, including the current studyarea.OBJECTIVE: To assess the drug efficacy of soil-transmitted helminthes infection and thefactors that is linked to it in elementary school students in the West Azernet Berbere District,Central Ethiopia.METHOD: Prospective study design involving 354 school children was conducted fromFebruary-April 2024 in the base line survey. Sixty-four study participants were involved in thesecond survey for drug efficacy. A systematic random sampling technique was applied. TheKato-Katz method was used to evaluate stool samples. Senior nurses administered 500 mg ofmebendazole as a single dosage to students who had soil-transmitted helminthes infections.Then, after the redosing regimen, or after 28 days of treatment completion, the drug efficacy ofmebendazole was performed based on the cure rate and egg reduction rate. .The data was codedand entered into EPI data version 3.1 and exported for further analysis to SPSS version 21computer software. The cure rate and egg reduction rate were examined using descriptiveanalysis.RESULTS: A total of five intestinal helminths species were found, with an overall prevalence of19.8% (70/354) (95% CI 18.9-20.0) in the baseline survey. The most common parasites foundwere 36(10.2%), A.lumbericoides 21(5.9%) T. trichiura, 10(2.8%) hookworm, other helminthsfound were Taenia spp. 2(0.6%) and E.vermicularis 1(0.2%). After the redosing, the cure rate ofmebendazole against A.lumbericoides rose from 87.9% in the single dose to 100%; similarly, thecure rate for T. trichiura rose from 84.2% in the single dosage to 100%.The mebendazole curerate for hookworms rose from 77.8% with a single dosage to 100% with a redosing.CONCLUSION: Therefore, the cure rate and egg reduction rate of single-dose and redosingphase of mebendazole is satisfactory to treat Ascaris lumbericoides, Trichuris trichiura andHookworm infections.Item MAGNITUDE OF MALARIA, ASSOCIATED FACTORS, AND ITS EFFECTS ON COAGULATION AND HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILES AMONG ADULT PATIENTS AT WOLKITE UNIVERSITY SPECIALIZED TEACHING HOSPITAL, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) ABEBE MINUTABackground: Malaria remains a significant global health issue, affecting hematologicaland coagulation profiles. Though there have been many studies on the magnitude ofmalaria and its associated factors worldwide, studies are limited in this study area.Objective: To assess the prevalence of malaria associated factors, and its effects oncoagulation and hematological profiles among adult patients at Wolkite UniversitySpecialized Teaching Hospital from February to April 2024.Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 286 malaria suspected patients wasconducted using a consecutive sampling technique. Data on sociodemographic, clinicalhistory were collected using a structured questionnaire. Coagulation profile analysisusing Urit 610 coagulometer, hematology profile analysis using a Zybio Z30 hematologyanalyzer, and blood film microscopy. Data was entered into EpiData 3.1 and transferredto SPSS version 26 for analysis. Binary logistic regression, the Mann-Whitney U test, andreceiver operating characteristic were employed to analyze the data. Statisticalsignificance was set at a p-value of less than or equal to 0.05.Results: The prevalence of malaria was 41 (14.3%). Risk factors included a history ofmalaria (AOR = 3.724, 95% CI: 1.316-10.537), stagnant water near homes (AOR =4.118, 95% CI: 1.801-9.413), and nighttime outdoor exposure (AOR = 4.505, 95% CI:1.677-12.106). Travel history (AOR = 3.365, 95% CI: 1.238-9.146) increased infectionrisk, while insecticide-treated net use was significantly protective (AOR = 6.208, 95%CI: 2.380-16.191). Malaria-infected patients exhibited prolonged prothrombin time andactivated partial thromboplastic time compared to non-infected. White blood cell counts,neutrophils, and monocytes were elevated. Red blood cells, and hemoglobin, plateletswere decreased. The best diagnostic values for malaria were monocyte count, red celldistribution width, and platelet distribution width.Conclusions: Community awareness is necessary to promote regular screening forindividuals with a history of malaria, eliminate stagnant water near homes, encourage theuse of insecticide-treated nets, and highlight the risks of nighttime outdoor exposure.Healthcare providers should closely monitor the impact of malaria on coagulation andhematological profiles to optimize diagnostic strategies and predict disease severityItem CO-INFECTION OF ENTERIC PROTOZOA AND BACTERIA, AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG UNDER-FIVE DIARRHEIC CHILDREN VISITING WORABE HOSPITAL, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) ABDIRSEMED BEDEWIBackground: Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of illness and death among childrenunder five in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Enteric pathogens such as Giardialamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Salmonella, and Shigella spp. are common causes of childhooddiarrhea in these regions. However, data on their sources and co-infection patterns were limited. Objective: This study aimed to assess the co-infection rates of enteric protozoa and bacteria andidentify associated risk factors in children under five presenting with diarrhea at WorabeHospital, central Ethiopia. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2024. Stool sampleswere collected from 250 children under five with diarrhea and analyzed using parasitologicaland bacteriological techniques to detect the presence of pathogens. Results: Out of 250 stool samples analyzed, 72 (28.7%) tested infected for intestinal protozoa,and 33 (13.2%) were infected for enteropathogenic bacteria. Co-infections were identified in 20cases (8.0%). The most frequent co-infections included G. lamblia with Salmonella spp. (2.8%),G. lamblia with Shigella spp. (2.0%), E. histolytica/dispar with Shigella spp. (2.4%), and E.histolytica/dispar with Salmonella spp. (0.8%). Factors significantly associated with co-infectionincluded large family size (p=0.042), guardians with untrimmed fingernails (p=0.013), notwashing vegetables before feeding children (p=0.003), guardians not washing hands beforefeeding children (p=0.02), presence of domestic animals in the house (p=0.017), lack of a homelatrine (p=0.001), and use of unprotected drinking water (p=0.004). Conclusions and Recommendations: The study highlights that intestinal protozoa and entericbacteria, as well as co-infections, are major contributors to diarrhea in children. Key riskfactors include poor personal hygiene, untrimmed fingernails, and inadequate environmentalsanitation. It is recommended that public health efforts focus on raising awareness aboutpersonal and environmental hygiene to reduce the burden of diarrheal diseases.Item NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS WITH FEEDING AND WITHOUT FEEDING PROGRAM IN SANKURA WEREDA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA, 2022: COMPARATIVE CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2022-05) TAJUDIN NESREBackground: Significant numbers of Ethiopian primary school students are affected by undernutrition and prone to poor academic performance. To avert such nutritional problems the government in collaboration with world food program has implemented a school feeding program. However, limited evidences exist regarding the improvement of school feeding program on nutritional status compare to non-school feeding program.Objective: To compare the nutritional status of primary school students from school with feeding program to without Feeding Program, in Sankura woreda, Southern Ethiopia, 2022.Method: A school-based comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted among 472students, from May 1 - 30/2022. A multi-stage technique with proportional allocation wasapplied. A Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were entered into Epi-Data 4.6 Software and analysis was done using Statistical Product and Service Solutionsversion 25 software. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were done. Anthropometric data were analyzed using Anthro-plus software.Result: In this study, 29% (95% CI = 25.4-33.4) and 21.6% (18.2-25.2) of students were thin among non-school feeding program and school feeding program respectively. Moreover, 19.6%(10.8-20.7) and 15.5% (12.8-18.7) of students among non-school feeding and school feedingprogram were stunted respectively. Nonetheless, 6% (3-9.1) and 5.2% (2.5-8.3) of students counted as overweight among school feeding program and non-school feeding programrespectively. Being early adolescent 2.5(1.22-5.1), being male 3.7(2.44–6.06) and students who did not take meals at school 1.6(1.03–2.49) were statistically associated with thinness. Students having a mother with no formal education 2.3(1.2–4.47) and having poor dietary diversity score1.7(1.05–2.89) were statistically associated with stunting. Students having a mother with no formal education 2.5(1.1–5.8) was statistically associated with overweight.Conclusion: Thinness was higher among schools without feeding program than schools with feeding program. But stunting and overweight were not significant difference between both types of schools. Early adolescent and male students and students who did not take meals at school; and students having a mother with no formal education and having poor dietary diversity scoresignificant factors of thinness and stunting respectively. Thus, education on diversified foods and optimal nutritional advice should be encouraged