College of Agriculture & Natural Resources
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Item EFFECT OF SEEDING AND HERBICIDE APPLICATION RATES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF FOOD BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) IN CHEHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA(wolkite university, 2024-04-03) BEHARU BEREDA SHAWYEBarley is a major cereal crop in the highlands of Ethiopia and serves as a vital source of food, animal feed, and alcohol. However, weed infestation poses a significant challenge, leading to substantial yield reductions. Hence, to address this issue, a study was conducted during the main cropping season in 2022 in Cheha District. The objective was to assess the effect of seeding and herbicide application rates on the growth and yield of barley. The experimental setup consisted of three seeding rates (75kg/ha, 100kg/ha, and 125kg/ha) and three herbicide rates/AXIS 50EC (0.75l/ha, 1l/ha, 1.25l/ha, twice hand weeding, weed-free, and weedy). The study utilized a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement, and each treatment was replicated three times. The study revealed that broadleaved weed species dominated the study area, accounting for 82.6% of relative density, while grasses constituted 17.4%. The interaction between herbicide application and seeding rates significantly (p<0.05) influenced number of days to heading and maturity, total number and productive tillers per plant, thousand grain weight, number of grains per spike, aboveground biomass yield, and grain yield of barley. The highest yield and yield components of barley were observed with a seed rate of 125 kg, combined with two hand weeding and the application of 1.25l/ha AXIS 50EC. Treatments involving the application of 0.75l/ha AXIS 50EC with75 kg seed rate resulted in the highest dry biomass weight for both broad-leaved and grass weed species. The maximum grain yield (5030 kg/ha) was achieved with twice hand weeding when sown with a seed rate of 125 kg. In contrast, the lowest grain yield (1600 kg/ha) was recorded with the application of 0.75l/ha AXIS 50EC and a seed rate of 75 kg. The economic analysis indicated that the combination of a 125 kg seed rate with the application of 1.25l/ha AXIS 50EC produced the highest net benefit and MRR (604.01%). In conclusion, sowing barley at a seed rate of 125 kg and applying AXIS 50EC at 1.25l/ha resulted in optimal growth and grain yield for the crop. Since the experiment was conducted in one location and season, it should be repeated over season and location for further recommendation.Item RESPONSE OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) HYBRIDS TO PLANT DENSITY IN NONO DISTRICT, WEST SHOWA ZONE, ETHIOPIA(wolkite university, 2023-03-01) ABERA WORKINEH SHEMETETo increase maize yield in a positive environment, it's important to suit the planting density and cultivar. Field research were carried out in 2021 under rain-fed conditions in Nono district of West Shewa zone in two locations (Silk Amba and Jiru Gemechu), to decide the effects of plant density levels on maize hybrids reproduction, growth, yield and yield components. The study included four maize hybrids (BH540, BH546, Damote and Limu) and three planting densities (44,444, 53333 and 67,667 plants ha−1 ) in a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with 3 replications. Results revealed that location (Loc) had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced most measured phenological, growth, yield and yield components of maize. Across environments hybrids significantly (P_< 0.05) affected all measured parameters. Planting density had additionally affected a few growth, yield and yield components of maize drastically . Across environments, the lowest grain yield (7.88 ha-1 ) was observed from BH540 (oldest hybrid). No significant yield increase observed beyond 53,333 plats ha-1 , and recommended to be the superior planting density for the maize hybrids included on this study in the district. Compared to the district's existing suggested planting density of 44,444 plants ha-1 , planting density of 53,333 plants ha-1 produced greater than nine quintals ha-1 yield advantage. At both locations, BH540 and BH546 both had comparable outcomes. On the other hand, Pioneer hybrids, Damote and Limu resulted the highest yield of 12 and 12.32 t ha-1 respectively at Silk Amba, whereas, at Jiru Gemechu, the highest yield was recorded from Limu (10.64 t ha-1 ) hybrid and was also corresponding to BH546 (9.31 t ha-1 ) and Damote (9.99 t ha-1 ) suggested differential response of hybrids in different environments as a result of Loc x H interaction. This study provided further evidence that the growth and yield of maize are significantly influenced via environment, genotype, plant population, and interactions. It also made the point that optimizing planting density to match the high-quality performing variety should be taken into account as new varieties are delivered and advocated particularly environments.Item GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF FOOD BARLEY (Hordeum vulgars L.) VARIETIES TO SEEDING RATES IN CHEHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA(wolkite university, 2025-05-02) TIZAZU ANKTAWE GORAGABarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important food security and cash crop in Central Ethiopia. The productivity of the crop is very low in many parts of the Gurage zone, including the Cheha district. Several factors are responsible for the area's low crop yield. There is limited information on the response of various barley genotypes and seed rates for optimal production. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of seeding rate and genotypes on growth, yield, and yield components of barley in Cheha District. Factorial combinations of four food barley varieties, namely HB-1307, HB1966, HB1965, and Local genotype, and four seeding rates (75, 100, 125, and 150 kg ha- 1 ) were used. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The result showed that seeding rate and varieties significantly affected the majority of food barley growth and yield parameters. The highest days to 50% heading (82 days), and days to physiological maturity (139 days), were recorded on 75 kg of seeding rate ha-1 with variety HB1966, while, the highest plant height (96 cm) was recorded with the use of 150 kg ha-1 of food barley seeding rate on HB1966 variety. The highest spike length (8 cm), total number of tillers (8), number of productive tillers (7), and number of kernels spike- (66) were recorded on the use of a 75 kg ha-1 seeding rate with the HB-1307 variety. The highest biomass yield (13.18 t ha-1 ) and straw yield (8.95 t ha-1 ) were recorded on 150 kg of seeding rate ha-1 with variety HB-1307. The highest grain yield (4.89 t ha -1 ), thousand seed weight (57g), and harvest index (43%) were recorded on variety HB-1307 with a 125 kg ha-1 seed rate. Net benefit of 129375.5 ETB ha-1 was obtained from the treatment combination of 125 kg ha-1 food barley seed rate with Variety HB-1307. The result indicated that the food barley variety HB-1307 with a seeding rate of 125 kg ha-1 is economically feasible and profitable for the study area. Since the present study was conducted only in a single season and location, it is necessary to conduct similar experiments further in different seasons and locations to come up with concrete and workable recommendation for varieties and seeding rates of food barleyItem EFFECT OF RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION (MB003) AND NPSB FERTILIZER RATES ON GROWTH YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiate (L.) WILCZEK) VARIETIES IN MISRAKMESKAN DISTRICT EASTERN GURAGE ZONE(wolkite university, 2024-05-03) MOHAMMED WULCHAFO BADKAROLack of adequate information on the use of Rhizobium strain and nitrogen-phosphorus-sulfurboron (NPSB) fertilizer rates are the major yield limiting factors for producing mung bean in the study area. Therefore, the study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the nodulation, growth and yield responses of two varieties of mung bean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek) at different rates of NPSB fertilizer and Rhizobium inoculates. A field experiment was carried out during the main cropping season of 2021/22 at Misirak Meskan District in Farmers Training Center (FTC). The treatments combinations were two levels of Rhizobium inoculation (with and without), two mung bean varieties N-26 (Rassa) and NVL-1(Nassa) and four levels of NPSB fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1 ). The experiment was arranged in a 2×2×4 factorial combination in randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were collected from the experimental field at (0-30cm depth) before planting and after harvest to determine selected soil physicochemical properties. Data on growth, nodulation, yield and yield components were recorded and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results on soil physicochemical properties analyzed before planting and after harvest showed significant differences due to the combined effects of NPSB fertilizers and Rhizobium inoculation. Crop phenology (days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity), growth (plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight), and nodulation (number of nodules, nodule fresh and dry) weight of mung bean varieties were significantly affected by NPSB fertilizer rates and Rhizobium inoculation. Moreover, the interaction effects of NPSB fertilizer rates, Rhizobium inoculation and mung bean varieties showed significant effects on number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, a hundred seed weight, harvest index, grain yield and above ground biomass. The highest mean value of grain yield(2105.77 kg ha-1 ) was obtained from a combined effect of 150 kg NPSB ha-1 and Rhizobium inoculation from variety N-26 which resulted in 61.28% followed by (2078.90 kg ha-1 ) which was increased by 62.07% at the rate of 100 kg NPSB ha-1 increase over the control (1290.37 kg ha-1 ). Furthermore, the number of seeds per plant, a hundred seeds weight, above ground dry biomass and HI of mung bean were recorded the highest mean values (607.33), (7.50 g), (4241.67 kg ha-1 ) and 0.483, respectively at the rate of 150 kg NPSB ha-1 fertilizer with a Rhizobium inoculation. The partial budget analysis revealed that the maximum (ETB 108600.6 ha-1 ) net benefit was obtained from combined application of rhizobium inoculation and 100 kg NPSB ha-1 from variety N-26 with MRR of 10130% And minimum (ETB 68572.8 ha-1 ) net benefit was obtained from the control. A net benefit advantage of 63.14% (ETB 68572.8 ha-1 ) when compared with the maximum and minimum net benefit. Hence, Rhizobium inoculation with application of 100 kg NPSB ha-1 could be tentatively recommended for mung bean production in Misirak Meskan area. However, the experiment should be repeated over years and locations to provide valid recommendations appropriate for the study siteItem SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY AND CARCASS CHARACTERSTICS OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN UNDER TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN KAFFA ZONE, SOUTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA(wolkite university, 2024-04-01) ADDISU GEBREYESUSThe study was conducted in three purposively selected districts of Kaffa Zone in South Western Ethiopia People’s Regional State with the objective of evaluating production and reproduction performances, egg quality traits and carcass characteristics of local chickens reared under traditional production method. Total of two hundred fifty-five (255) households were selected purposively from nine kebeles of different agro-ecology in the districts by the agriculture and natural resource office, development agents and kebele committees based on potentails for indigenous chicken’s populations, production experiences, accessibility and representativeness of the area. Three kebeles from each district of the each agro-ecology types were selected based on altitude levels, presences of indigenous chickens’ and the experience of chicken production selected by district agriculture and natural resource office experts, kebele Development agents and by kebele representatives’. And the proportion of HH number was determined by the number of populations with in the specific sampling area and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Total of two hundred seventy (270) fresh eggs were collected from each kebeles of every agroecology types. Total of eighteen (18) representative indigenous chickens (9 male and 9 female) and three (3) male and three (3) female chickens per district were used for carcass yield evaluation. The results shown flock size per household was 10.72 with 1:2.3 cocks to hen ratio. The mean age of cockerel at first mating and pullet at first egg laying in the study area (Chena, Bita and Cheta) and agro-ecology (high-land, mid-land and low-land) were (5.63 and 6.35) and (5.51 and 5.92) months, respectively. The average number of eggs per clutch and the annual egg production per year in the study area and agro-ecologies (high-land, mid-land and low-land) were (13.83 and 47.6,) and (13.9 and 45.83), respectively. The mean number of eggs incubated, hatchability and survivability in the study districts (Chena, Bita and Cheta) were (11.62, 80.3% and 64.8%) and agro-ecologies (high-land, mid-land and low-land) were (11.61, 9.4 and 80.82%), respectively. The study outcomes of the areas shown variations in production and reproduction performances, egg quality traits and carcass characteristics among the studied xv districts and agro-ecologies. Indigenous chickens generally can best fit with low management inputs under scavenging production systems in terms of their productive and reproductive performances. Therefore, additional studies should be conducted to assess more about the effects of different agro-ecologies and districts on indigenous chickens under scavenging production system which were not covered in this study.Item EFFECT OF LAND USE TYPES AND SOIL DEPTH ON SOIL FERTILITY STATUS IN MOCHE, GURAGE ZONE, ETHIOPIA(wolkite university, 2022-12-04) TEKLIL ABADEYE BEREKAThe aims of this study was to assess and evaluate the different land use types(LUTs) in relation to their effect on soil fertility status on soils of Moche, Cheha district, Gurage Zone, Southern central Ethiopia. For this study, four different LUTs (cultivated, enset, eucalyptus and natural forest) were selected to assess and evaluate their effect on soil fertility status. A total 24 disturbed soil samples were collected from the selected LUTs and two different SDs (0-20 and 20-40cn) with three replications for laboratory analysis. Twoway analyses of variances were used for statistical analysis. The result of the study indicated that most of the selected soil physicochemical properties were significantly affected by LUTs, SD and their interactions. Bulk density, total porosity, pH, OM, av.P and CEC were significantly affected by LUTs, SD and the interaction of the two factors. The highest sand (43%), silt (46.5%) and clay (30.30) fractions was observed under FL, ENFL and CUL, respectively. With respect to depth higher silt (40.9%) and clay (28.3%) content were found under subsurface soils. Except CUL, textural classes of the LUTs were loamy. The highest (1.37gcm-3 ) value of bulk density was observed under subsurface soils of CUL and lowest (1.06gcm-3 ) value was observed under surface soils of FL and ENFL, respectively. In contrast to bulk density total porosity was highest (60.1%) under surface soils of FL and ENFL and lowest (48.3%) under subsurface soils of CUL. Soil pH was significantly influenced by the interaction of the two factors. The highest (6.54) and lowest (4.82) pH values were obtained under surface soils of ENFL and subsurface soils of EUCL, respectively. Relatively the highest (7.39%) and lowest (3.47%) values of OM content was recorded under surface soils of FL and subsurface soils of EUCL. The highest (22.69mg kg-1 ) and lowest (5.02mgkg-1 ) mean values of av.P were observed under surface soils of ENFL and subsurface soils of EUCL, respectively. The highest (37.96cmol (+) kg-1 ) and lowest (11.90cmol (+) kg-1 ) CEC values were observed under surface soils of FL and subsurface soils of EUCL. The highest value of exchangeable acidity (1.85 cmol (+) kg-1 ) was recorded under soils of EUCL than CUL. As the result indicated soils of FL and ENFLs were relatively more fertile and expansion of EUCL tree to arable land and intensive cultivation might be attributed to the low soil fertility status. Therefore, choosing proper land use and implementing integrated soil fertility managements are indispensable to cope up with soil acidity, depletion in soil fertility and productivity of the study area.Item RESPONSE OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)VARIETIES TO BLENDED NPSB FERTLIZER RATES IN EZHA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(wolkite university, 2022-12-04) MARTA NEGASH ALEMUChickpea production is presently restricted to a small area in Southern Ethiopia including Gurage Zone due to a number of limiting factors such as low soil fertility, diseases and pests, and lack of production technologies. To mitigate the low soil fertility, information regarding the actual rate of the newly recommended blended NPSB fertilizer and chickpea varieties are not yet known in the study area-Ezha District, Gurage Zone. Therefore, lack of recommended fertilizer rate and chickpea varieties were the main yield constraints in the area. Hence, an experiment was conducted during the 2021 cropping season to determine optimum blended fertilizer rate and well responded chickpea variety to NPSB rate for the study area. Four levels of NPSB (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1 ) and four chickpea Varieties (Habru, Dhara, Arerti and Dubie (standard check)) were used as treatments, and set in randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of three replications. All the blended fertilizer rates were applied at planting. Surface soil samples was collected before sowing and analyzed. The result shows also recorded clay 34%, sand 26% and silt 40%, which indicates the soil textural class is clay loam.Anaalysis of this composite soil also 0.71% total nitrogen,14.3% organic matter,8.3% organic carbon,6.41ppm available phosphorus, boron 0.08mgkg1 (ppm), Total sulfur17.83% mg/kg(ppm) and 5.5 PH. On the other hand, the main factors of blended fertilizer rates and chickpea varieties were found statistically significant on the main effect blended NPSB fertilizer and verities (50% days of flowering and days of 90% physiological maturity) and also the main effect variyties plant height and hundred seed weight. The interaction of the main factors had also showed a statistically significant effect on above ground dry biomass, grain yield as well as agronomic efficiency. Generally, the treatment combination of 150 kg ha -1 NPSB and Arerti variety recorded the highest above ground dry biomass (7259 kg ha-1 ) and total grain yield (3538 kg ha-1 ). The result of partial budget analysis, showed that 150 kg ha-1 NPSB with Arerti variety gave the highest net benefit ( 140,439 ETB) with maximum marginal rate of return (4074%) when compared with the other treatments combinations. Hence, the combined application of 150 kg ha-1 of NPSB fertilizers with Arerti variety is recommended for chickpea production in Ezha District as well as areas with similar agro-ecological conditions. However, since the study was conducted only for a single season and in only one location, further research is recommended to be carried out in different locations and seasonsItem EFFECT OF BLENDED NPSB FERTILIZER RATES ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF MUNG BEAN VARIETIES IN CHEHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA(wolkite university, 2024-04-01) TIGIST FENTAHUN MEHARIEMung bean (Vigna radiata L.), is a recently introduced grain legume crop with high potential uses and export demand. However poor crop management practices, including improper NPSB fertilization rate and absence of improved varieties contributed to low productivity in the study area. Hence a field experiment was conducted in Cheha district, Gurage Zone to evaluate the effect of blended NPSB fertilizer rates on the yield and yield components of mung bean varieties. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were 16 treatment combinations, comprising two mung bean varieties (NVL-1 and Rasa) and eight blended NPSB fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, 75,100, 125, 150 and 175 kg ha-1 ). The results showed that the highest values for most growth parameters and yield components were obtained with the application of 175 kg ha-1 NPSB. Results from the main effect of NPSB fertilizer rates indicated that the highest values for plant height (75.83), total number of branches (8.43), total number of nodules (22.91 and 22.6), number of effective nodules (13.41and 13.01) hundred seed weight (35.5g) and above ground dry biomass (5606.3 kg ha-1 ) were obtained. The interaction between variety and NPSB rate significantly influenced several growth and yield traits. The combination of Rasa variety with 175 kg ha-1 NPSB resulted in the highest days to 50% flowering (55.66 days),days to 90% physiological maturity (88.33 days), number of pod per plant (31), number of seed per pod (13.91), grain yield (1403.33 kg ha-1 ) and harvest index (24.97%).The partial budget analysis indicated that the combination of rasa variety with 175 kg ha1 NPSB gave the highest net benefit (48,928 Birr ha-1 ) with 1113.2% marginal rate of return. Therefore, the use of 175 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer with Rasa variety are recommended for optimal mung bean yield and economic benefit in the study area and similar agro ecology. These findings provide valuable insights for farmers and researchers to enhance mung bean production and address yield limitations in Ethiopia. However, since the result is only on one season and one location, further research is recommended to be carried out across more seasons and locationsItem EFFECT OF RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION (MB003) AND NPSB FERTILIZER RATES ON GROWTH YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiate (L.) WILCZEK) VARIETIES IN MISRAKMESKAN DISTRICT EASTERN GURAGE ZONE(wolkite university, 2024-05-02) MOHAMMED WULCHAFO BADKAROLack of adequate information on the use of Rhizobium strain and nitrogen-phosphorus-sulfurboron (NPSB) fertilizer rates are the major yield limiting factors for producing mung bean in the study area. Therefore, the study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the nodulation, growth and yield responses of two varieties of mung bean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek) at different rates of NPSB fertilizer and Rhizobium inoculates. A field experiment was carried out during the main cropping season of 2021/22 at Misirak Meskan District in Farmers Training Center (FTC). The treatments combinations were two levels of Rhizobium inoculation (with and without), two mung bean varieties N-26 (Rassa) and NVL-1(Nassa) and four levels of NPSB fertilizer (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1 ). The experiment was arranged in a 2×2×4 factorial combination in randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were collected from the experimental field at (0-30cm depth) before planting and after harvest to determine selected soil physicochemical properties. Data on growth, nodulation, yield and yield components were recorded and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results on soil physicochemical properties analyzed before planting and after harvest showed significant differences due to the combined effects of NPSB fertilizers and Rhizobium inoculation. Crop phenology (days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity), growth (plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight), and nodulation (number of nodules, nodule fresh and dry) weight of mung bean varieties were significantly affected by NPSB fertilizer rates and Rhizobium inoculation. Moreover, the interaction effects of NPSB fertilizer rates, Rhizobium inoculation and mung bean varieties showed significant effects on number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, a hundred seed weight, harvest index, grain yield and above ground biomass. The highest mean value of grain yield(2105.77 kg ha-1 ) was obtained from a combined effect of 150 kg NPSB ha-1 and Rhizobium inoculation from variety N-26 which resulted in 61.28% followed by (2078.90 kg ha-1 ) which was increased by 62.07% at the rate of 100 kg NPSB ha-1 increase over the control (1290.37 kg ha-1 ). Furthermore, the number of seeds per plant, a hundred seeds weight, above ground dry biomass and HI of mung bean were recorded the highest mean values (607.33), (7.50 g), (4241.67 kg ha-1 ) and 0.483, respectively at the rate of 150 kg NPSB ha-1 fertilizer with a Rhizobium inoculation. The partial budget analysis revealed that the maximum (ETB 108600.6 ha-1 ) net benefit was obtained from combined application of rhizobium inoculation and 100 kg NPSB ha-1 from variety N-26 with MRR of 10130% And minimum (ETB 68572.8 ha-1 ) net benefit was obtained from the control. A net benefit advantage of 63.14% (ETB 68572.8 ha-1 ) when compared with the maximum and minimum net benefit. Hence, Rhizobium inoculation with application of 100 kg NPSB ha-1 could be tentatively recommended for mung bean production in Misirak Meskan area. However, the experiment should be repeated over years and locations to provide valid recommendations appropriate for the study siteItem EFFECT OF PRE-EMERGENCE HERBICIDES AND THEIR COMBINATIONS ON WEEDS INFESTATION YIELD COMPONENTS AND YELD OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietum L.) AT EZHA WOREDA GURAGE ZONE, SOUTH ETHIOPIA.(wolkite university, 2021-06-01) TADELE BEKELE TABOGEChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important pulses cultivated in Ethiopia. Chickpea is the third important food legume both in area and production after common beans and faba beans in Ethiopia. This is below the potential yield of chickpea at research center as well other major chickpea producing zones in Ethiopia. Among the factors responsible for low yields in chickpea; weeds is the major one. Hence, field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of herbicides and their combination on yield component and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietum L.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated three times. Pre-emergence herbicides (Pendimethalin and S-metolachlor) were applied alone at different rate, their reduced dose combination with herbicides as well as supplemented with one hand weeding, only one hand weeding, and two hand weeding; completely weed free and weedy treatments. Applying the herbicides alone at different rate reduced density and dry matter of the weeds in chickpea as compared with control. The result indicated S-metolachlor was the most effective herbicide for controlling weed species presented in the experimental site as compared with Pendimethalin in relation with application at different rate alone. Among the herbicides applied S-metolachlor at 1.0kg ha-1 supplemented by one hand weeding at five weeks after emergence gave the highest yield components and yield as well as net benefit of chickpea (Cicer arietum L.). However; weed free, Hand weeding at 2 and 5 WAE treatments was the most effective treatment for controlling the weeds and increasing the chickpea yield compared with other treatments. But weed control through hand weeding is costly and non-available at critical time. Therefore; it is suggested when labours are not easily available, applying S-metolachlor at 1kg ha-1 supplemented by one hand weeding at five weeks after emergence is the best option of effective chickpea production. However, further study has to be done under different seasons and locations to exploit the recommendation of the present stud