College of Agriculture & Natural Resources
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College of Agriculture & Natural Resource
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Item Determinants of Rural Household Income in Gedeo zone Yirga Cheffe woreda(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) Surafel ShisemaEven though, Yirga chef e Wereda is one of the most cereal crop producers in Gedeozone the rural farming households’ income is very low. Thus, this study, focuse donidentifying the micro-level factors that determining the rural household income in the Wereda. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted for the selection of sample respondents. The district was stratified in to three kebeles based on distance from woreda's town and three kebeles were selected using simple random sampling. Usingsimple random sampling technique 98 sample respondents were selected from eachkebeles. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview. Boththedescriptive and econometrics statistics (OLS estimation model) were appliedfor analyzing data. Descriptive statistics were applied to characterize the sample households’ demographic, economic, institutional and environmental factors. TheOLS estimation result indicated that from nine explanatory variables five variables which are, Education (EDUC) at 5%, of farm activity (OFFA) at 5%, Soil fertility of land (SFERT) at 1%, CREDIT at 10%, improved farm input (IMFI) at 5%significance level. Generally, both the descriptive and econometrics statistics wereanalyzed and clearly interpreted. It is recommended that the farmers should adopt credit; farmers should be allowed to have long term of -farm employment to augment the farming sectorItem FACTOR AFFECTING VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF TEFF: THECASEOF CHEHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE SOUTHERN, ETHIOPIA(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) RETA MILILUThis research was conducted in Gurage zone cheha woreda to identify the factor af ectingof tef value chain analysis. The specific objectives of the study was to identify actors in tef value chainand their roles,To identify factor af ecting value chain tef supplied to the market, and toidentifythe constraints and opportunity in tef value chain in the study area. From the study I usedbothprimary and secondary data source. The primary data was collected from 92 producers throughinterview, observation, and prepared questionnaires in sample respondents. The secondarydatawas conducted in written document, published and unpublished martial and other websites. Theresearcher used multiple regression model to identify the factors af ecting quantity of tef supplied to the market, from 9 explanatory or independent variable 4 variables’ are significant such as family size, quantity of tef produced , sex of household, and access tomarket information’s. Generally value chain analysis of tef was participate many actors such as input supplier, retailer, producer,and wholesaler. The result indicates there were opportunities andconstraints. The constraints were lack of access to market information, access to credit, soil erosion, no enough supply of input like quality of seed fertilizer, equipment and harvestedmachineries. The opportunities include the actors involved in quantity of tef supplied tomarketswere get value, and increase the linkage of actors through sharing of information. Sovaluechain is important today in the world to increase and income of each individual. Basedontheresult I recommended the government and other organizations supply availability of rawmaterials, access to credit to increase market supply of tef , develop educational training, andaccess to market information’s.Item MAPPING THE SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL ACIDITYANDEVALUATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SOIL PROPERTIES:- INCASEOF DEWOSHE SUB-WATERSHED, GUMMER DISTRICT, GURAGEZONE , ETHIOPIA(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2022-06) MULUYE TAFERE DEMISMapping the spatial variability of soil acidity and evaluation of physico-chemical soil properties on the study area is important to design appropriate soil fertilitymanagement practices. Mapping the spatial variability is a key operation as it provides knowledge about soil acidity and how it can be used sustainably. The studywas conducted at the Dewoshe sub-watershed Gummer district, Guraghe Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Twenty-eight soil samples were collected from two crop types withseven replication at two soil depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm), respectively. Theevaluation of physico-chemical soil properties were analyzed using the ANOVAGLMprocedure of SAS software, and mapping the spatial variability of soil acidity wereanalyzed using Arc GIS 10.4. Furthermore, the study has investigated that variousphysico-chemical soil properties were profoundly influenced due to crop types andsoil depths. Soil BD, total porosity, and exchangeable acidity, TN, OM, and C: N, available P, exchangeable Mg, CEC, and exchangeable acidity were significantly ected due to Enset and cereal crops, soil depths, and their interaction between croptypes and soil depths. In contrast, sand, silt, and clay fraction and change of pHexhibited no statistically significant variation within the crop and their interaction between crop types and soil depths. But there was a variation of sand and clay on soil depths. Exchangeable (K, Na, and H) were only varied in crop types. The change of pH, exchangeable Al, and Ca were varied within crop types, soil depths, and their interaction between crop types and soil depths and only within crop types and soil depths, respectively. The highest and the lowest values of some physico-chemical soil properties of sand, clay, BD, total porosity, pH-H2O, pH-KC, OM, TN, available P, and CEC were (38.9, 34.4 ), (23.07, 19.4), (1.35, 1.07), (59.7, 49), (6.27, 4.84), (5.67, 4.1), (4.58, 0.79), (0.26, 0.07), and (28.6, 15.6) within cop types, and soil depths respectively. Cereal crop fields as compared to the Enset crop fields were sufere from soil degradation and decline in soil fertility on the spatial points of beginning at strong to steep slope mapping parts with the same soil depths. But both in the study area, in general, pointed out that these changes are not in favour of the ecosystem and caused deterioration in the quality of soil resources which in turn led to a decline in agricultural crop productivity. This calls for urgent measures to be takenthat encompass a mix of technological and policy options. Further research and development interventions into the dynamics and impact of crop land-use change onecosystems and their components at various scales (from small sub-watersheds toregion and country) are required if conservation and agricultural development goalsfor this sub-watershed in particular and the country in general, are to be met onasustainable basis. And again, mapping the spatial variability of soil acidic problemsby OK is needed to clearly show the specific locations of the study areas, whereattention is required with respect to sustainable management of crop nutrients.Item GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) VARIETIES TO NPSB BLENDED FERTILIZER RATES AT EZHA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2022-04) DESALEGN KEBEDE ADEBAThe current average yield of common beans is far less than the national attainable yield in the study area. This is partially due to low soil fertility management and a lack of improved varieties. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of blended NPSB rates on yield and yield components of common bean varieties, to determine the optimum rate of blended NPSB fertilizer required and the best variety for optimum growth and yield of common bean, and to investigate economically feasible rates of blended NPSB fertilizer for common bean production. The experiment was conducted at Ezha district during 2022 cropping seasons. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four common bean varieties (Sab632, Ser119, Ser125, and Bz2) with four NPSB fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1) laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data was collected on growth and yield and yield components and analyzed using SAS (version 9.3). The result showed that NPSB blended fertilizer rate and varieties significantly influenced most of the tested parameters of common bean. The highest days to flowering (51.0), nodule dry weight (3.106), number of pods per plant (17.60), above ground dry biomass (6131.7 kg ha-1), and grain yield (2862.7 kg ha-1) were recorded due to the application of 150 kg of NPSB ha-1 for variety Ser119. The highest days to maturity (99.33) and plant height (83.73cm) were recorded from variety Ser125 with a 150 kg NPSB fertilizer application rate. The maximum number of total nodules (73.67), effective nodules (43.55) and the highest harvest index (48.89%) were recorded from variety Ser119 with a 100 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer application rate. With a 150 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer application rate, variety Sab632 produced the highest hundred seed weight (42.30). The highest number of seeds per pod (3.76) was recorded from variety Ser125. Net benefit of 81,123.3 birr ha-1 was obtained from the treatment combination of 100 kg NPSB ha-1 application rate for variety Ser119. Thus, based on the study results, the application of 100 kg NPSB ha-1 with variety Ser119 could be recommended to enhance the productivity with the highest net benefits of common bean in the study area. The experiment was done only xii at one location and one season therefore it would have to be replicated across location and season to get best conclusive result and sound full recommendation for specific area in order to assure finding of the current study.Item Effects Of Integrated Vermicompost And Npsb Fertilizers, And Cutting Intervals On Dry Matter Yield And Nutritional Value Of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) In South Sodo Woreda, East Gurage Zone, Centeral Ethiopia(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2025-08) HAILU SEIFUThis study was conducted in South Sodo Woreda, East Gurage Zone, and Central Ethiopia, to evaluate the effects of integrated NPSB fertilizer and vermicompost, and cutting intervals on the growth, biomass yield, and nutritional value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Two factors factorial experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 16 treatment combinations (T1: Control (0kg/ha NPSB fertilizer+0 ton/ha vermicompost (VC)); T2: 0 kg/ha NPSB+2.5 ton/ha VC; T3: 0 kg/ha NPSB+5 ton/ha VC; T4: 0 kg/ha NPSB+7.5 ton/ha VC; T5: 50 kg/ha NPSB+0 ton/ha VC; T6: 50 kg/ha NPSB+2.5 ton/ha VC ; T7: 50 kg/ha NPSB+5 ton/ha VC; T8: 50 kg/ha NPSB+7.5 ton/ha VC; T9: 100 kg/ha NPSB+0 ton/ha VC; T10: 100 kg/ha NPSB+2.5 ton/ha VC; T11: 100 kg/ha NPSB+5 ton/ha VC; T12: 100 kg/ha NPSB+7.5 ton/ha VC; T13: 150 kg/ha NPSB+0 ton/ha VC; T14:150 kg/ha NPSB+2.5 ton/ha VC; T15: 150 kg/ha NPSB+5 ton/ha VC; T16: 150 kg/ha NPSB+7.5 ton/ha VC) and three CUTTING INTERVALS s (1st cut, 2nd cut and 3rd cut) with three replications. Soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical properties before sowing, and agronomic parameters such as plant height, tiller number, leaf count, leaf-to-stem ratio, and days flowering were recorded. Biomass yield was assessed at 50% flowering, while forage quality was determined by analyzing it for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The results demonstrated that integrated fertilizer management significantly (P achieved the highest dry matter yield (10,57t/ha representing 39.08% increase over the control. Cutting intervals also influenced yields, with the third cut producing 27% higher biomass than the first. Economic analysis showed T11 yielded the highest net benefit (350,600 ETB/ha) and marginal rate of return (4,510%). Additionally, higher fertilizer rates promoted early flowering in T11 in which 50% of flowering achieved at 60.21 days compared to 74 days in the control. These findings highlight the synergistic effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers in improving alfalfa productivity and nutritive value. Integrating 100 kg NPSB/ha with 5 t/ha vermicompost (T11) proved to be the most effective treatment, supporting its adoption as a sustainable fertilizer management strategy for enhanced forage production.Item EFFECT OF SEEDING AND HERBICIDE APPLICATION RATES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF FOOD BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) IN CHEHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA(Wolkite Universty, 2024-06) BEHARU BEREDA SHAWYEBarley is a major cereal crop in the highlands of Ethiopia and serves as a vital source of food, animal feed, and alcohol. However, weed infestation poses a significant challenge, leading to substantial yield reductions. Hence, to address this issue, a study was conducted during the main cropping season in 2022 in Cheha District. The objective was to assess the effect of seeding and herbicide application rates on the growth and yield of barley. The experimental setup consisted of three seeding rates (75kg/ha, 100kg/ha, and 125kg/ha) and three herbicide rates/AXIS 50EC (0.75l/ha, 1l/ha, 1.25l/ha, twice hand weeding, weed-free, and weedy). The study utilized a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement, and each treatment was replicated three times. The study revealed that broadleaved weed species dominated the studyarea, accounting for 82.6% of relative density, while grasses constituted 17.4%. The interaction between herbicide application and seeding rates significantly (p<0.05) influenced number of days to heading and maturity, total number and productive tillers per plant, thousand grain weight, number of grains per spike, aboveground biomass yield, and grain yield of barley. The highest yield and yield components of barley were observed with a seed rate of 125 kg, combined with two hand weeding and the application of 1.25l/ha AXIS 50EC. Treatments involving the application of0.75l/ha AXIS 50EC with75 kg seed rate resulted in the highest dry biomass weight for both broad-leaved and grass weed species. The maximum grain yield (5030 kg/ha) was achieved with twice hand weeding when sown with a seed rate of 125 kg. In contrast, the lowest grain yield (1600 kg/ha) was recorded with the application of 0.75l/ha AXIS 50EC and a seed rateof 75 kg. The economic analysis indicated that the combination of a 125 kg seed rate with the application of 1.25l/ha AXIS 50EC produced the highest net benefit and MRR (604.01%). In conclusion, sowing barley at a seed rate of 125 kg and applying AXIS 50EC at 1.25l/resulted in optimal growth and grain yield for the crop. Since the experiment was conduction one location and season, it should be repeated over season and location for further recommendation.Item EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LAND USE TYPES, SOIL DEPTH AND TOPOGRAPHY ON SELECTED PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL AT WUNKE WATERSHED OF GETO WOREDA, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(wolkite universty, 2023-10) HABTU WOLDEYESUSThe study of soil's physical and chemical properties is critical for the sustainable management of agricultural resources and economic growth. The purpose of the study was to look into the effects of different land use types, soil depth and topography on selected physical and chemical properties of soil in the Wunke watershed of Geto woreda in southern Ethiopia. This study considered three land uses (cultivated, grazing, and enset land), two soil depths (0-20 and 20-40cm), and three topographic positions (upper, middle, and lower) in three replications. For laboratory analysis, a total of 54 composite samples were collected. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure of the statistical analysis system (SAS, 2008) to determine whether or not variations in soil their interaction were significant. The findings revealed that the majority of the soil's physical and chemical properties varied with, the interaction effect of land use, soil depth and topography. The interaction effects of land use and soil depth affected particle size distribution, BD, AP, OC, TN CEC, exchangeable bases and PBS. Exchangeable bases and PBS were all significantly influenced by the interaction effect of land use and topography. The interaction effect of soil depth and topography affected sand, silt, pH, AP, OC, TN, and Ca. The interaction effect of land use, soil depth, and topography affected CEC, exchangeable bases and PBS. The highest bulk density (1.17gcm-3) was found grazing land of lower depth, while the lowest (1.0 gcm-3) was found on enset land of lower depth. Soils on enset land had consistently higher pH values, followed by grazing and cultivated lands. , higher (4.1%) mean organic carbon content was found upper depth of lower topographic position and lower (2.4%) mean TN content values were found in cultivated land of lower depth. The effects of soil depth on soil properties revealed that the surface soil layer had the highest sand fraction, TN, OC, and CEC. The subsurface soil layer had the highest clay fraction and the lowest values of TN, OC, and CEC. The interaction effect of land use, soil depth, and topography on soil properties revealed that the lowest layers of soils with the highest exchangeable bases and CEC were found at the lower topographic position under the three land use types. Soil fertility in cultivated lands was lower than in enset and grazing lands. Most of the measured soil properties were better in enset land than in other land use soils, and lower topographic positions were better than upper and middle topographic positions.Item RESPONSE OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) TO VARIETIES, INOCULATION WITH MESORHIZOBIUM STRAINS, AND APPLICATION OF BLENDED NPSB FERTILIZER AT CHEHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) GASHAW NAHUSENAY GEBRE-EGZIABHERChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a major legume crop in Ethiopia and provide multiple” “benefits, due to high nutritive value as well as the ability of the crop to enrich nitrogen poor” “soils due to biological nitrogen fixation with different strains of endosymbiotic” “Mesorhizobium spp. However, the effectiveness of the strains varies due to inherent” “physiological characteristics of the endo-symbionts, the host varieties, and nutrient” “availability in the soil. Its’ cultivation in the study area is constrained mainly by low soil” “fertility (low N, low soil OM, low available P, S and B) causing ineffective nodulation, and” “lack of improved agronomic practices. Therefore, the field experiment was conducted during” “the main cropping season of 2021/22 at Cheha district in Buchach Kebele with the objective” “of evaluating the effect of inoculation with Mesorhizobium strains and NPSB fertilizer” “application on nodulation, growth, and yield performance of different chickpea (Cicer” “arietinum L.) varieties. Factorial combinations of three Mesorhizobium strains CP-M41,” “CP-EAL 029, CP-M20b, and un-inoculated control, two NPSB levels (0 and 121 kg NPSB” “ha-1) and two chickpea varieties (Local and Arerti) were laid out in randomized complete” “block design (RCBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that crop” “phenology, nodulation parameters, growth parameters, yield and yield components were” “significantly affected by the main effects. The effect was more pronounced in the interaction” “effect of different Mesorhizobium strains with NPSB application and varieties. The maximum” “values of most studied parameters were found from Arerti variety at the combined” “application of CP-M41 Mesorhizobium strain with NPSB fertilizer (121 kg ha-1) as” “compared with the single application and the control. The highest grain yield (3177.16 kg” “ha-1) was recorded from the use of Arerti variety at the combined application of NPSB” “fertilizer with CP-M41 Mesorhizobium strain, which resulted in 15.96%, 24.06% and” “37.93% increment over the use of Arerti x CP-M41 strain, Arerti x NPSB, and the control,” “respectively. From the economic point of view, the partial budget analysis of the study” “treatments revealed that the highest net return (102,092.6 ETB ha-1) with an acceptable” “marginal rate of return (618%) was gained from Arerti variety with the combined” “application of 121 kg NPSB ha-1 and Mesorhizobium strain CP-M41 inoculation. Hence, it” “can be concluded that the use of Arerti variety with combined application of 121 kg NPSB” “ha-1 with CP-M41 strain is found to be an appropriate combination to get higher yield and” “profit of chickpea crop at the study area. However, verification of the result on farmers’” “fields across season and areas could be required before wide use of this study to put the” “recommendation in firm ground.” “Item GROWTH AND BULB YIELD OF ONION (Allium cepa Var. cepa) VARIETIES IN RESPONSE TO NPSB FERTILIZER AT CHEHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) TESHOME DENBU BIZUNEHOnion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops commercially grown” “in the world. It is a high value and income generating vegetable crops for most small scale” “farmers and commercial growers in Ethiopia. However, the productivity of onion is low at” “national as well as regional levels; due to various limiting factors such as lack of” “improved varieties and low soil fertility. Accordingly, a field experiment was conducted to” “evaluate growth and yield response of onion varieties to NPSB fertilizer rates at Cheha” “district, Guraghe zone during 2022 cropping season. The experiment was consisted of four” “onion varieties (Bombay Red, Nafid, Nafis and Nasik Red) and four levels of NPSB” “fertilizer (0, 195, 244 and 293 kg ha-1) combined factoriallly and laid out in Randomized” “Complete Block Design with three replications. Yield and yield related parameters were” “recorded and subjected to analysis of variance. The analysis of variance for agronomic” “parameters showed that the main effects; variety and application of NPSB blended” “fertilizer rate were significant for almost all traits. Similarly all yield and yield related” “traits were significantly influenced by the interaction of varieties and NPSB fertilizer rate” “except plant height. The highest values for most of the response variables were recorded” “from variety Nafis combined with NPSB at rate of 293 kg ha-1.The partial budget analysis” “revealed that the highest net benefit 414255(ETB ha-1) with acceptable MRR was obtained” “from the variety Nafis combined with application of 244 kg ha-1 of NPSB fertilizer. Hence,” “the use of Nafis onion variety and application of 244 kgha-1 NPSB fertilizer rate was” “economically feasible and can be recommended for optimum production of onion in the” “study area and other areas having similar agro-ecology. However, as the experiment was” “done for only one season and single location, it has to be repeated over seasons and” “locations to have conclusive recommendation.” “Item EVALUATION OF Moringa olifera LEAF MEAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN FEED INGREDIENT IN LAYERS RATION(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) FIKADU DESSE GIRMAThe study was conducted to evaluate effects of Moringa Olifera Leaf Meal (MOLM) inclusion in” “layers ration on egg laying performance, egg quality parameters and the economic feasibility of” “using MOLM as alternative protein source in the ration of Bovans brown hens. A total of One” “hundred and eighty Bovans Brown hens aging 18 weeks were used for the experiment. The” “experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments, each” “replicated three times with 15 hens each. The layers were fed with ration containing MOLM at” “the levels of 0 in (T1), 5 in (T2), 10 in (T3) and 15% in (T4). The experiment lasted 11 weeks. The” “amount of feed intake per hen per day was 117.3gm in T1, 116.37gm in T2, 119.74gm in T3 and” “115.32gm in T4.Feed conversion ratio was 0.26 in T1, 0.29 in T2, 0.33 in T3 and 0.29in T4.” “Average egg weight was 59.94g in T1, 63.79g in T2, 65.65g in T3 and 62.84g in T4. The hen day” “egg production was 50.9 in T1, 51.43 in T2, 63.21 in T3 and 52.58% in T4. Most of the egg” “quality parameters were higher in T3 except egg shape index, albumin height, yolk height,” “albumin height and albumin ratio that were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Higher yolk” “color was observed for T3 and T4 compared with T1. Yolk length was higher (p<0.05) for T2” “and yolk ratio was higher (p<0.05) for T1. The partial budget analysis indicated that the” “inclusion of 10% (T3) of MOLM reduces total feed cost compare to the control treatment and” “other treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that addition of 10% of MOLM cloud be used in the” “layers diet as recommended level as an alternative protein source to enhancing the productivity” “and to reduce the feed cost in the poultry industry.” “
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