Department of Animal Science
URI for this collectionhttps://rps.wku.edu.et/handle/123456789/45805
Department of Animal Science
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Item EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MOLASSES ON ELEPHANT GRASS (PENNISETUM PURPEREUM) AND DESHO GRASS (PENNISETUM PEDICELLATUM) SILAGE QUALITY(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) SIRAJ MEHDIIn tropical region inadequate quality and quantity of feeds are the major constraints to” “livestock production sector. Most of feed resources are low in nutrient content to meet nutrient” “requirements of maintenance, production and reproduction. The experiment was conducted to” “investigate the effect of different levels of molasses on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum)” “and desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum) silage quality in Wolkite University. The aim of” “this study was to identify the effect of different levels of molasses on silages quality of elephant” “grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum). Elephant grasses” “were harvested from Wolkite University dairy farm and desho grasses were harvested from” “around Wolkite town from farmer’s backyard when they were at the ages of medium stages of” “growth. The harvested grasses was chopped up to 2cm particle size each weighing 2kg each” “silage materials treated with different levels of molasses (0%, 3% and 5%), packed in 2kg” “holding plastic bags silo, doubled it and stored in thatched barn. Treatments were assigned to” “a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement (2x3) with three replications. The” “silage was opened after 30 days, analyzed for sensory qualities; chemical composition and in” “vitro DM digestibility. Treated silages had better appearance qualities than the control” “silages. All of the silages had good and very good degrees in organoleptic test method based” “on DM, PH. The treated silages had lower PH compared with the control (p<0.05).The” “control group had lower DM content than treated silages (p<0.05). Elephant grass silages” “had higher CP, CF and temperature than desho grass silages. Desho grass silage produced” “higher quality and preserved better than Elephant grass as indicated by higher sensory” “qualities, ether extract, invitro dry matter digestibility and stability. But lower PH, DM, Crude” “Protein and Crude Fiber. Desho grass with 5% molasses showed that its silage contains” “higher Moisture, IVDMD and EE (C. fat) than elephant grasses. Silages with 5% molasses” “had higher quality than silages mixed with 0% and 3% molasses levels as indicated by higher” “DM, EE and IVDMD, but lower PH and NDF. Therefore, it was concluded that Elephant and” “Desho grasses ensiled with 5% molasses level was the most optimal techniques to achieve” “high quality silage fermentation under smallholder farmers.” “Item EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GARLIC (Allium sativum l.) EXTRACT LEVELS INCLUSION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL BROILER(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) AYELU DAGNACHEWCommercialization of chicken farming and improvement of production efficiency has led to be” “the adoption of a range of additives as growth promoter. Antibiotic-based growth promoter have” “long been utilizing as animal feed additives. Wide spread usage of these substances has resulted” “in an escalation of antibiotic resistance and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in animal” “product. Because of these weaknesses there is rising interest in employing natural growth” “promoters. Therefore, this study has conducted on the effects of different garlic extract levels” “inclusion on the growth performance and carcass characteristic of broiler. The experiment was” “arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments, each replicated three” “times with 15 birds each. 180 chicks with similar body weight were used for this trial and were” “randomly distributed to the four treatments. They were T1 (NC, basal diet and drinking water),” “T2 (PC, basal diet + drinking water with oxtetracycline (0.2 g/ 10 litter), T3 (basal diet +” “drinking water (1.5% GEX)) and T4 (basal diet + drinking water (3% GEX). During the trial” “periods daily feed intake and weekly body weight were recorded and carcass evaluation was” “made. The result obtained that, the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds were” “significantly (P<0.05) improved by 1.5 and 3% GEX inclusion levels. Most of carcass trait such” “that slaughter, dressing, breast, liver and GIT weight were highly (P< 0.05) affected by 1.5 and” “3% GEX inclusion levels. Reduced abdominal fat weight and percentage (P< 0.05) was” “recorded in GEX inclusion levels. Generally, based on the results of the current study garlic” “extract at 1.5 and 3% inclusion levels in drinking water should be considered as potential” “growth promoters that may replace the antibiotic in broiler farm.” “Item RESPONSE OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) TO VARIETIES, INOCULATION WITH MESORHIZOBIUM STRAINS, AND APPLICATION OF BLENDED NPSB FERTILIZER AT CHEHA DISTRICT, GURAGE ZONE, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) GASHAW NAHUSENAY GEBRE-EGZIABHERChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a major legume crop in Ethiopia and provide multiple” “benefits, due to high nutritive value as well as the ability of the crop to enrich nitrogen poor” “soils due to biological nitrogen fixation with different strains of endosymbiotic” “Mesorhizobium spp. However, the effectiveness of the strains varies due to inherent” “physiological characteristics of the endo-symbionts, the host varieties, and nutrient” “availability in the soil. Its’ cultivation in the study area is constrained mainly by low soil” “fertility (low N, low soil OM, low available P, S and B) causing ineffective nodulation, and” “lack of improved agronomic practices. Therefore, the field experiment was conducted during” “the main cropping season of 2021/22 at Cheha district in Buchach Kebele with the objective” “of evaluating the effect of inoculation with Mesorhizobium strains and NPSB fertilizer” “application on nodulation, growth, and yield performance of different chickpea (Cicer” “arietinum L.) varieties. Factorial combinations of three Mesorhizobium strains CP-M41,” “CP-EAL 029, CP-M20b, and un-inoculated control, two NPSB levels (0 and 121 kg NPSB” “ha-1) and two chickpea varieties (Local and Arerti) were laid out in randomized complete” “block design (RCBD) with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that crop” “phenology, nodulation parameters, growth parameters, yield and yield components were” “significantly affected by the main effects. The effect was more pronounced in the interaction” “effect of different Mesorhizobium strains with NPSB application and varieties. The maximum” “values of most studied parameters were found from Arerti variety at the combined” “application of CP-M41 Mesorhizobium strain with NPSB fertilizer (121 kg ha-1) as” “compared with the single application and the control. The highest grain yield (3177.16 kg” “ha-1) was recorded from the use of Arerti variety at the combined application of NPSB” “fertilizer with CP-M41 Mesorhizobium strain, which resulted in 15.96%, 24.06% and” “37.93% increment over the use of Arerti x CP-M41 strain, Arerti x NPSB, and the control,” “respectively. From the economic point of view, the partial budget analysis of the study” “treatments revealed that the highest net return (102,092.6 ETB ha-1) with an acceptable” “marginal rate of return (618%) was gained from Arerti variety with the combined” “application of 121 kg NPSB ha-1 and Mesorhizobium strain CP-M41 inoculation. Hence, it” “can be concluded that the use of Arerti variety with combined application of 121 kg NPSB” “ha-1 with CP-M41 strain is found to be an appropriate combination to get higher yield and” “profit of chickpea crop at the study area. However, verification of the result on farmers’” “fields across season and areas could be required before wide use of this study to put the” “recommendation in firm ground.” “Item GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED ETHIOPIAN INDIGENOUS CHICKENS USING SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEAT MARKERS(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) SHIBRU TEKLE TULUThe present study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structures of three” “Ethiopian local chickens, namely Horro, Jarso, and Tilili, using 16 SSR markers. In addition,” “the Koekoek breed was used for comparison purposes. Chicken populations were purposively” “selected and a total of 95 individuals were selected using simple random sampling. Genomic” “DNA was extracted using a salting-out protocol. Different molecular markers and statistical” “parameters were used to estimate the genetic diversity and relationship among the genetic” “groups studied. A total of 97 alleles have been detected, with an average value of 6.062 alleles” “per locus, and 16 alleles were unique to specific chicken populations. Polymorphic information” “content ranged from (0.54) MCW0183 to (0.85) LEI0166, with an average value of 0.67 per” “locus. Across all studied populations, the mean observed heterozygosity and expected” “heterozygosity were 0.026 and 0.60, respectively. The Shannon information index varied from” “(I = 0.83) MCW0098 to (I = 1.57) LEI0166. AMOVA showed that genetic variance varied by” “15% among populations, 82% within populations, and 3% within individuals. According to” “UPGMA, the Horro and Tilili populations were grouped, while the Jarso population was” “distinct and the Koekoek breed was distinct as expected. The studied population showed high” “genetic diversity within populations, and the Jarso ecotype showed the highest genetic diversity” “and a number of unique alleles. The SSR markers used in this finding were polymorphic and” “useful for determining the genetic variation of Ethiopian local chicken ecotypes. The” “information obtained will be used for genetic conservation and national breeding program” “efforts.” “Item EVALUATION OF Moringa olifera LEAF MEAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN FEED INGREDIENT IN LAYERS RATION(Wolkite University, 2025-01-30) FIKADU DESSE GIRMAThe study was conducted to evaluate effects of Moringa Olifera Leaf Meal (MOLM) inclusion in” “layers ration on egg laying performance, egg quality parameters and the economic feasibility of” “using MOLM as alternative protein source in the ration of Bovans brown hens. A total of One” “hundred and eighty Bovans Brown hens aging 18 weeks were used for the experiment. The” “experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments, each” “replicated three times with 15 hens each. The layers were fed with ration containing MOLM at” “the levels of 0 in (T1), 5 in (T2), 10 in (T3) and 15% in (T4). The experiment lasted 11 weeks. The” “amount of feed intake per hen per day was 117.3gm in T1, 116.37gm in T2, 119.74gm in T3 and” “115.32gm in T4.Feed conversion ratio was 0.26 in T1, 0.29 in T2, 0.33 in T3 and 0.29in T4.” “Average egg weight was 59.94g in T1, 63.79g in T2, 65.65g in T3 and 62.84g in T4. The hen day” “egg production was 50.9 in T1, 51.43 in T2, 63.21 in T3 and 52.58% in T4. Most of the egg” “quality parameters were higher in T3 except egg shape index, albumin height, yolk height,” “albumin height and albumin ratio that were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Higher yolk” “color was observed for T3 and T4 compared with T1. Yolk length was higher (p<0.05) for T2” “and yolk ratio was higher (p<0.05) for T1. The partial budget analysis indicated that the” “inclusion of 10% (T3) of MOLM reduces total feed cost compare to the control treatment and” “other treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that addition of 10% of MOLM cloud be used in the” “layers diet as recommended level as an alternative protein source to enhancing the productivity” “and to reduce the feed cost in the poultry industry.” “Item GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ETHIOPIAN INDIGENOUS CATTLE BREEDS USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2023-12) BRUK ALEMU TEKLEThe present study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity, population structure, and level of admixture of four Ethiopian cattle populations namely (Guraghe Gofa , Hamer, and Mursi). Sixteen microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic diversity of the four ecotypes. Genomic DNA was extracted from bovine blood samples with a genomic DNA extraction salting out method. Ninety-one DNA samples from four (Guraghe (n = 25), Gofa (n = 25), Hamer (n = 25), and Mursi (n = 16)) Ethiopian cattle populations were genotyped. A total of 191 alleles were detected, ranging from 8 to 23 alleles per locus. The mean number of alleles and the observed and expected heterozygosity were 11.9, 0.053, and 0.79, respectively. The FIT, FIS, and FST overall F-statistics have mean values of 0.94, 0.94, and 0.096, respectively. The genetic variation between populations accounted for 9.6% of the total genetic variation. Gene flow (2.56) was observed in allfour populations. Genetic distances, such as PCoA and dendrogram, reveal a close relationship between Hammer and Mursi as compared to Guraghe and Mursi. Factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) and the Structure analysis assigned four Ethiopian populations independently; however, Hamer and Mursi showed a relatively higher degree of admixture than Guraghe and Gofa. It can be concluded that Ethiopia's indigenous cattle populations have a high degree of genetic diversity; These results may be useful in determining current and future breeding programs as well as management and conservation strategies for Ethiopia's indigenous animal genetic resousItem ASSESSMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ALEMITU SIMACHEW ABATE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DAIRY CATTLE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND EVALUATION OF THEIR MILK MICROBIAL QUALITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-04) ALEMITU SIMACHEW ABATEMilk provides essential nutrients and is an important source of dietary energy, high quality proteins and fats, but it is an excellent medium for growth of many kinds of microorganisms under suitable conditions. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess dairy cattle management practice and evaluate chemical composition and microbial quality of raw cow milk in a selected district of Gurage zone, Central Ethiopia region. Two districts were purposely selected based on their dairy cattle potential. Then the districts were stratified in to highland and midland agro-ecologies. For the survey part, data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires from a total of 373 respondents that were randomly selected based on proportionality from each kebele of the two study districts. Beside, a total of 80 milk samples were collected from the udder of the animal and storage container for microbial quality and chemical composition analysis. The current study showed that, 35.4% of the respondent in the study area were practicing natural pasture as feed source and common house with humans (91.2%). The study also revealed that, the majority of the respondents milking their cows in a barn, Washing their hands before milking, but, they are not Washing the udder before milking which was 63.5%, 83.1%, and 72.1% respectively. In addition, the majority of respondents were not practicing cleaning milk equipment, milking near the barn area and udders washing. The overall mean value of fat, protein and ash content of the milk in the study area were 4.12 ± 0.14, 3.35 ± 0.06 and 0.62 ± 0.01% respectively. Significant difference (P<0.05) were noted the fat and ash percentage in the milk collected from highland and midland agro ecology. The overall mean of total bacterial counts and coliform counts were 6.48 ± 0.15 and 4.98 ± 0.10 log cfu/ml respectively. Both total bacterial counts and coliform counts showed significant differences between milk collected from udder and storage containers (P<0.05). However, significant differences were not observed on coliform count among the different agro ecology. In general,- the result indicated that milk collected from the two districts were poor in bacteriological quality and did not meet the international milk quality standard, whereas the chemical composition was adequate about depend on Ethiopia standared level. Therefore, adequate sanitary measures and hygienic practice should be taken at all stages from washing hands before milking to storage containers of the producer.Item EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCE, EGG QUALITY AND CARCASS CHARACTERSTICS OF INDIGENOUS CHICKEN UNDER TRADITIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN KAFFA ZONE, SOUTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2024-01) ADDISU GEBREYESUSThe study was conducted in three purposively selected districts of Kaffa Zone in South Western Ethiopia People’s Regional State with the objective of evaluating production and reproduction performances, egg quality traits and carcass characteristics of local chickens reared under traditional production method. Total of two hundred fifty-five (255) households were selected purposively from nine kebeles of different agro-ecology in the districts by the agriculture and natural resource office, development agents and kebele committees based on potentails for indigenous chicken’s populations, production experiences, accessibility and representativeness of the area. Three kebeles from each district of the each agro-ecology types were selected based on altitude levels, presences of indigenous chickens’ and the experience of chicken production selected by district agriculture and natural resource office experts, kebele Development agents and by kebele representatives’. And the proportion of HH number was determined by the number of populations with in the specific sampling area and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Total of two hundred seventy (270) fresh eggs were collected from each kebeles of every agro ecology types. Total of eighteen (18) representative indigenous chickens (9 male and 9 female) and three (3) male and three (3) female chickens per district were used for carcass yield evaluation. The results shown flock size per household was 10.72 with 1:2.3 cocks to hen ratio. Themean age of cockerel at first mating and pullet at first egg laying in the study area (Chena, Bita and Cheta) and agro-ecology (high-land, mid-land and low-land) were (5.63 and 6.35) and (5.51 and 5.92) months, respectively. The average number of eggs per clutch and the annual egg production per year in the study area and agro-ecologies (high-land, mid-land and low-land) were (13.83 and 47.6,) and (13.9 and 45.83), respectively. The mean number of eggs incubated, hatchability and survivability in the study districts (Chena, Bita and Cheta) were (11.62, 80.3% and 64.8%) and agro-ecologies (high-land, mid-land and low-land) were (11.61, 9.4 and 80.82%), respectively. The study outcomes of the areas shown variations in production and reproduction performances, egg quality traits and carcass characteristics among the studied xv districts and agro-ecologies. Indigenous chickens generally can best fit with low management inputs under scavenging production systems in terms of their productive and reproductive performances. Therefore, additional studies should be conducted to assess more about the effects of different agro-ecologies and districts on indigenous chickens under scavenging production system which were not covered in this study.Item EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GARLIC (Allium sativum l.) EXTRACT LEVELS INCLUSION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL BROILER(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2022-09) AYELU DAGNACHEW,Commercialization of chicken farming and improvement of production efficiency has led to be the adoption of a range of additives as growth promoter. Antibiotic-based growth promoter have long been utilizing as animal feed additives. Wide spread usage of these substances has resulted in an escalation of antibiotic resistance and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in animal product. Because of these weaknesses there is rising interest in employing natural growth promoters. Therefore, this study has conducted on the effects of different garlic extract levels inclusion on the growth performance and carcass characteristic of broiler. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments, each replicated three times with 15 birds each. 180 chicks with similar body weight were used for this trial and were randomly distributed to the four treatments. They were T1 (NC, basal diet and drinking water), T2 (PC, basal diet + drinking water with oxtetracycline (0.2 g/ 10 litter), T3 (basal diet + drinking water (1.5% GEX)) and T4 (basal diet + drinking water (3% GEX). During the trial periods daily feed intake and weekly body weight were recorded and carcass evaluation was made. The result obtained that, the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds were significantly (P<0.05) improved by 1.5 and 3% GEX inclusion levels. Most of carcass trait such that slaughter, dressing, breast, liver and GIT weight were highly (P< 0.05) affected by 1.5 and 3% GEX inclusion levels. Reduced abdominal fat weight and percentage (P< 0.05) was recorded in GEX inclusion levels. Generally, based on the results of the current study garlic extract at 1.5 and 3% inclusion levels in drinking water should be considered as potential growth promoters that may replace the antibiotic in broiler farmItem EVALUATION OF Moringa olifera LEAF MEAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN FEED INGREDIENT IN LAYERS RATION(WOLKITE UNIVERSITY, 2022-10) FIKADU DESSE GIRMA, FIKADUThe study was conducted to evaluate effects of Moringa Olifera Leaf Meal (MOLM) inclusion in layers ration on egg laying performance, egg quality parameters and the economic feasibility of using MOLM as alternative protein source in the ration of Bovans brown hens. A total of One hundred and eighty Bovans Brown hens aging 18 weeks were used for the experiment. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments, each replicated three times with 15 hens each. The layers were fed with ration containing MOLM at the levels of 0 in (T1), 5 in (T2), 10 in (T3) and 15% in (T4). The experiment lasted 11 weeks. The amount of feed intake per hen per day was 117.3gm in T1, 116.37gm in T2, 119.74gm in T3 and 115.32gm in T4.Feed conversion ratio was 0.26 in T1, 0.29 in T2, 0.33 in T3 and 0.29in T4. Average egg weight was 59.94g in T1, 63.79g in T2, 65.65g in T3 and 62.84g in T4. The hen day egg production was 50.9 in T1, 51.43 in T2, 63.21 in T3 and 52.58% in T4. Most of the egg quality parameters were higher in T3 except egg shape index, albumin height, yolk height, albumin height and albumin ratio that were similar (P > 0.05) among treatments. Higher yolk color was observed for T3 and T4 compared with T1. Yolk length was higher (p<0.05) for T2 and yolk ratio was higher (p<0.05) for T1. The partial budget analysis indicated that the inclusion of 10% (T3) of MOLM reduces total feed cost compare to the control treatment and other treatments. Therefore, it is concluded that addition of 10% of MOLM cloud be used in the layers diet as recommended level as an alternative protein source to enhancing the productivity and to reduce the feed cost in the poultry industry.