WOLKITE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES THE IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION ON THE SURROUNDING FARMING HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD IN THE CASE OF WOLKITE TOWN, GURAGE ZONE, CENTERAL ETHIOPIA REGION. SENIOR ESSAY SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR (BA) DEGREE IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES By: ID. NO 1. BIRTUKAN MENGESHA ...........................................SSR/0220/13 2. YALEWU ADINO ......................................................SSR/0983/13 ADVISOR NAME : HAILE D.(MA) APRIL 2024 WOLKITE,ETHIOPIA WOLKITE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ASSESS THE IMPACT OF URBAN EXPANSION ON THE SURROUNDING FARMING HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD IN THE CASE OF WOLKITE TOWN, GURAGE ZONE, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA REGION. BY: .BIRTUKAN MENGESHA AND YALEWU ADINO APPROVED BY APPROVAL COMMITTEE OF Dep’t of GeES Advisor Signature Date ________________________ __________________ __________________ Examiner Signature Date ________________________ __________________ __________________ GeES Dep’t Head Signature Date ________________________ _________________ _________________ DECLARETION This is to certify the senior essay prepared by Birtukan Mengesha and Yalewu Adino. Entitled The Impact of Urban Expansion On The Surrounding Farming Household Livelihood In The Case Of Wolkite Town, Gurage Zone, Central Ethiopia Rigion , which is submitted on partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of art degree in Geography and Environmental Studies is our original work done under the guidance of Haile Deselegn. (MA.) the candidates, whose name, ID No and signature is depicted below confirm that the matter embodied in this senior essay has not been submitted earlier for an award of any degree. We also assure that all relevant sources of information used in this senior essay have been duly acknowledged. Name of candidates ID No signature date 1. Birtukan Mengesha SSR/0220/13 .. . 2. Yalewu Adino SSR/0983/13 . .. i Acknowledgment Firstly and for most we would to like to thank our God for his assistance in the successful completion of this paper.Secondly, we would to express deepest gratitude to our advisor Mr:Haile Desalegn (MA) for this continuous supervision, instruction and encouragement of morally and ideally in every activity. Thirdly, we would like to thanks to our deepest honor and gratitude is for our family generally for helping us both financially and morally. Fourthly, we would like forward our acknowledgment Geography and environmental studies staff members for their help to indicate the available information .Finally, we would like to express thanks for the respondents who give available information and organization to give data related to the study and fill the interview, questioner as well as to all our friends who helps us morally encouraging and forgive contract ideas. ii ABSTRACT This research was conducted to analysis the impact of urban expansion on the surrounding farming household livelihood. The study focused on mainly impact of urbanization on farmer’s farm land, grazing land and livestock reduction in the society.To achieve this objective the data was collected from primary and secondary source. From the total 1200 total households the researcher selected 40 respondent. Purposive sample technique was used to select the respondents and both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analysis the data. The finding also indicates that the horizontal expansion of wolkite town has impact on the surrounding household livelihood activities this cause of wolkite town expansion through investment. Due to this the agricultural land is changed to urban area. Depending on the result of this study the researcher would recommend to decrease the impact and improve the livelihood of the society by giving fair and effective compensation for the farmer who lost their land, facilitating vertical growth of the town rather than horizontal growth and reducing of rural urban migration. Key words: impact; urban expansion; farming househol; livelihood transformation. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ ii List of table .............................................................................................................................................. vi List Of Figure .......................................................................................................................................... vii Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER ONE ...............................................................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background of the study .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................................... 1 1.3. Objective of the study ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3.1. General objective of the study .................................................................................................... 2 1.3 2. Specific objectives ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Research Questions ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.5. Significance of the study .................................................................................................................... 3 1.6. Scope of the study .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.7. Limitation of the study ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.8. Organization of the Paper .................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER TWO ..............................................................................................................................5 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .....................................................................................5 2.1. General concept of urbanization ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Urban Horizontal Expansion ............................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Theories of Urban Expansion and Growth ......................................................................................... 5 2.4 Trends of Urbanization ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.4.1 Trend of Urbanization in Africa ................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2. Trends Urbanization in Ethiopia ................................................................................................. 6 2.4.3 Urbanization and Settlement System in Central Ethiopia Regional State ................................... 7 2.5. Cause of urban Expansion.................................................................................................................. 8 2.6. Impact of Urbanization on the Agricultural Land Use ...................................................................... 8 2.7. Impact of urbanization on individual and household heads income ................................................. 9 2.8 Socio-economic Impacts of Urbanization .......................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 10 iv 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 10 3.1. Description of study area ................................................................................................................. 10 3.1.1. Topography ............................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.2. Climate ...................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.3. Population ................................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.4. Present development and economic activities of the town ....................................................... 11 3.1.5. Social service ............................................................................................................................ 11 3.2. Research Design ............................................................................................................................... 12 3.3. Data source and data type ................................................................................................................ 12 3.3.1. Primary source .......................................................................................................................... 12 3.3.2. Secondary source ...................................................................................................................... 12 3.4. Data collection method .................................................................................................................... 12 3.4.1. Questionnaire ............................................................................................................................ 12 3.4.2. Observation ............................................................................................................................... 13 3.4.3. Interview ................................................................................................................................... 13 3.5. Sample technique and sample size ................................................................................................... 13 3.5.1. Sample Technique ..................................................................................................................... 13 3.5.2. Samples size .............................................................................................................................. 13 3.6. Method of data analysis and interpretation ...................................................................................... 13 3.7. Ethical consideration ........................................................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER FOUR .......................................................................................................................... 15 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ........................................................................... 15 4.1 General Background of the Respondent ........................................................................................... 15 4.2 Sex Composition of the Respondent ................................................................................................. 15 4.3 Age Distribution of the Respondent .................................................................................................. 16 4.4 Marital status of the respondent ........................................................................................................ 16 4.5 Distribution of Respondent by Family Size ...................................................................................... 17 4.6 Education status of the respondents .................................................................................................. 17 4.7 Rate of the expansion of town........................................................................................................... 18 4.7.1 Displaced household from the surrounding of the town. ........................................................... 18 4.7.2 Major economic activity ............................................................................................................ 19 4.7.3 Farmer response regarding on the reduction of their land size .................................................. 20 v 4.7.4 The amount of yield before urban expansion ............................................................................. 21 4.7.5. The amount of yield after urban expansion ............................................................................... 21 4.7.6 Major problems observed as result of wolkite expansion .......................................................... 22 4.7.7 The negative impact of wolkite town expansion on the surrounding farmland ........................ 22 4.7.8 Income Level of the Farmers are Decreased in Terms of Production per Annually .................. 23 4.7.9 The compensaition condition ..................................................................................................... 23 4.8 Satisfaction of the respondent on the compensation ......................................................................... 24 4.8.1 Mistakes of unfair compensation ............................................................................................... 24 4.9. Feeling of Respondent for Unfair Treatment of the Official ........................................................... 25 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................ 26 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................ 26 5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 26 5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 26 Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 27 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................. 30 vi List of table Table 2.1 The percentage share of urban population of ethiopia at different period of time…..…7 Table 4.1 Sex composition of the respondent ……………………………………………………15 Table 4.2 Age distribution of the respondent ................................................................................16 Table 4.3 Marital status of the respondent.....................................................................................16 Table 4.4 Distribution of respondent by family size ....................................................................17 Table 4.5 Educational status of the respondent.............................................................................17 Table 4.6.1 Displaced household from surrounding of the town..................................................18 Table 4.6.2 Major economic activity of respondents ....................................................................19 Table 4.6.3 Farmer's response regarding on the reduction of their land size ................................20 Table 4.6.4 The amount yield before urban expansion..................................................................21 Table 4.6.5 The amount of yield after urban expansion................................................................21 Table 4.6.6 The negative impact of wolkite town expansion on the surrounding farmland..........22 Table 4.6.7 Income level of the farmers are decreased in terms of production per annually........23 Table 4.6.8 The compensation condition.......................................................................................23 Table 4.7 Satisfaction of the respondent.......................................................................................24 Table 4.7.1 Mistakes of unfair compensation................................................................................24 vii List Of Figure Figure: 3.1 Location map of the study area……………………......…………..............….……. 10 viii Acronyms CHM;........................................................Clearing House Mechanism CSA:.........................................................Central Statistical Agency EUA; ......................................................Ethiopian Urbanization Administration GIS: .......................................................Geographic Information System SNNPR; .................................................South Nation Nationalities And People Representative UNUP; ....................................................United Nation Urban Project 1 CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the study The process of urban expansion is a world wide phenomenon, recorded in the history of all urban centers. It started with the earliest human civilization of Babylonian (Lees, Andrew 2015) .The processes of urban expansion may involve both horizontal and vertical expansion of the physical structure of urban areas. And it can result in a loss of agricultural land, natural beauties, range of land,and parks ( Ayele, A., & Tarekegn, K,2020). Although multifaceted, the cause of urban expansion is population pressure. However, more surprisingly, their urban rate is higher than the growth rating of national population in almost all countries the continent. Among other, the population pressure, as ( Terfa,2019). Argues, caused horizontal expansion of Africa cities. The horizontal expansion of cities is, however, at the expense of agricultural lands and agricultural productivity which of both are the main livelihood source of peripheral communities. Urbanization and urban growth are considered as a modern way of life manifestation economic growth and development in Ethiopia faced a number of socioeconomic problems ( Debela, D. D. 2016). The urbanization process in Ethiopia has been historically dominated by primate (leading) cities Addis Ababa and Diredewa and a few secondary cities like Adama, Gonder, Bahirdair, Mekele, Deberberhan and Jima have greater population, thus are experiencing faster agricultural transformation ( Dorosh,2011). Central ethiopia region the growth of urban population in small and medium town is increases time to time ( Dorosh,2010). likewise this type of expansion occurs in wolkite town. In this study the expansion or urbanization more aggravating the lake of agricultural land and grazing land. 1.2. Statement of the problem According to Eyasu (2020) Ethiopian urban center are expanding in an expected rate resulting to peasant displacement with concomitant loss of agricultural land, loss of production and Changing of their livelihood. 2 Urban expansion is spontaneous phenomena leads to spontaneous growth by displacing rural farming community. Even planned displacement has its own negative effects on the livelihood and the past displacement life of the affected community, this also what should be identified and recognized to pursue the sustainable and Comprehensive urban development ( Fentie, Tsegaw, et al, 2020). Comparatively, displacement attributed to urban sprawls is more significant in developing countries than developed ones .The underlying reason for this is that majority of the people in per urban agriculture with fragmented land holdings.Therefore,horizontal urban expansion inevitably results to displacement peri urban peasant with small scale economy then by necessitating compensations. however, in developing like Ethiopia where land ownership belong to both public and government, the amount of compensation paid to displaced peasants depend on government good was and commitment of program implementers. Where there no or is minimum pay off it directly leads to tenure in security of evicted communities (Muluken, desalegn 2009). Personal observation indicated that the sub urban communities of wolkite town Porn to displacement and land expropriation due to the horizontal expansion of the town and a lot of agricultural land is occupied by urban settlement. 30% of the total population lived in urban areas is creamy manifested/observed in the town. While the expansion of wolkite town has produced greater impact on the fragmentation agricultural land and ownership farmers’ livelihood and large amount of agricultural land are merged to the town, gradually the loss of agricultural land to other uses is serious problem. In the town was a lot of agricultural land occupied by urban settlements. Due to this urban expansion many farmers have lost their farm land. They became unable to self-sufficient the urban expansion in general effects the agricultural land. 1.3. Objective of the study 1.3.1. General objective of the study The general objective of the study is to assess the impact of urban expansion on the surrounding farming household livelihood in wolkite town, guragea zone, central ethiopia region. 3 1.3 2. Specific objectives 1. To investigate the rate of urban expansion at the study area. 2. To identify the major cause of urban expansion in the study areas. 3. To identify the impact of urban expansion on the surrounding household livelihood. 4. To find out the major techniques that solves the problem of urban expansion to the farm lands. 1.4. Research Questions 1. What is the rate of urban expansion at the study area? 2. What is the major cause of urban expansion in the study areas? 3. What is the impact of urban expansion on the surrounding household livelihood? 4. What are the major techniques that solve the problem of urban expansion to the farm lands? 1.5. Significance of the study The major significance of this research finding is to give information on the causes of prevailing urban expansion problems and the mechanism which can be application for urban expansion management. The study is uses to view that would create awareness to urban planners, municipality officials about wolkite town expansion and it was help to reduce the negative impact on the farmers. It may create awareness about negative impact of horizontal expansion of wolkite town for relevant stack holder and it brings better understanding of the situation in the town or worked. The result of the study is serving as input to formulate policies and strategies for policy makers. 1.6. Scope of the study The study was conduct in Central Ethiopia Region in Gurage zone Wolkite town to assess the impact of urban expansion on surrounding area farmer livelihood. The study mainly examines how urban expansion brings the challenge on farmers. Conducting comprehensive research at a national level is very important. However, it is difficult to carry out at a suggested level. Because it requires huge cost and consumes much time accordingly, these studies were forced to limit both the area and concept of the study in order to manage this study in delimited manner. 4 1.7. Limitation of the study The main problem faced to conduct the study was lack of adequate and reliable primary data from the municipal offices. The following some of the limiting factors that the researcher faced: Lack of necessary reference books in nearby library, shortage of time, and the financial problems. 1.8. Organization of the Paper The study was organized in to five chapters. The first chapter is the introductory part of the study including back ground of the study , statement of the problem and objectives of the study, specific objective ,general objective and delimitation of the study, limitation of the study and the second chapter review literature including theoretical and empirical review literature and the third chapter is considered with research methodology, sample size and sample frame ,data collection and methods of data analysis and interpretation. Chapter four presents the result and discussion of the study. Finally chapter five contains conclusions and recommended. The study was conducted in wolkite town the investigation of impact of urban expansion on surrounding area farmer livelihood. The study mainly examines how urban expansion brings the challenge of farmers 5 CHAPTER TWO 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1. General concept of urbanization The growth of cities and towns leads to the conversion of arable land to build up area, although increasing population density somewhat moderates these effects. In contrast to agricultural land use changes, which are reversible transformation of arable to build up areas, such as high way of settlement tend to permanent or reversible only very high cost (City, T. 2015). Urbanization in its simplest form primary to secondary activities. Among these involves not only technologically change but also human behavior or transform from in a personal individuals, complex individual and modern societies. The nature and form of cities weather ancient or modern city is closely related to its wider and social and cultural context. Although, developing countries have being faced many problems due to high rate of urbanization in to agricultural lands. These are resulted from uncontrolled urbanization rate (Harris, R., 2018). 2.2 Urban Horizontal Expansion It can be defined as the process of expanding and the state of them being increase in size of dimension of body. Urban horizontal expansion refers to the increase in horizontal size of the urban area and it population. It is understandable that all most all cities of the developing countries growth horizontally, legally and illegally creating economic, social and environmental problem in addition to the lack of adequate urban services ( Hutchison, Ray, ed,2010). 2.3 Theories of Urban Expansion and Growth In urban area, as of economic benefits primacy theory, there are the agglomerations of different economic activities and economies of scale resulting from it. Hence, to improve economic benefits of production, people move to urban areas from rural areas to another rural urban migration and urban-urban migration. This increment on urban population stimulates urban latex's to grow to words peripheral areas. The urban social production theory on the other hand argues that, urban is more congested and congregate, and even much denser than rural and peripheral regions still, the area has higher 6 pulling power of attracting people into it. This pulling force of urban area is however the result of continuous social interaction and internet work which result finally into the congregation of large people of smaller unit of land than rural region. 2.4 Trends of Urbanization The trends of urbanization can be seen at different angles;-these are 2.4.1 Trend of Urbanization in Africa Urbanization in Africa is still at its early stage contemporary rapid urbanization in Africa is mainly due to the external influence especially during the colonial era and after. In Africa long distance trade was primarily responsible for the growth of towns during the historic period. Africa is considered as the least urbanized continent in comparison with the third world countries, but in the decade of 1970 to 2010 urbanization is taken place rapidly (Güneralp, Burak, et al,2020) According to the (Güneralp, Burak, et al,2020), North Africa (46%) is urbanized region followed by South Africa (42%), West Africa (32%), and east Africa (20%) in the urbanized region. Since in the mid-1960s was the independent of African countries and it’s persuade vagarious policy towards industrialization and urbanization. Such ambition of economic policy has resulted the highest rate of urban growth about 5.4 per annum. These show the average rate of change for the whole continent Africa 6.8 and western Africa 5.8 urban growth. The cause of rapid rate of urban growth in Africa have been high rate of natural increase of population and the increase of rural urban migration (Tadesse, F., & Headey, 2010). 2.4.2. Trends Urbanization in Ethiopia According to (Assefa Hailemariam,2010 ) in Ethiopia the growth of urban population, small and medium town increase from time to time the proportion of Ethiopia urban population(urbanization rate) and the number of urban center also increase time to time. For example, the urban population increased from 4.3 million farming 11% in 1984 to 7.4 million farming 14.9 in 1994 with rate of 5.4% increment on average per year. The following table depicts the percentage share of urban population on the country. 7 Table: 2.1 The percentage share of urban population of Ethiopia at different period of time. (Source, Assefa Hailemariam,2010) The origin of urbanization in Ethiopia is back to the period of Axum kingdom. However Ethiopian remains less urbanized as compared to many countries of Africa. Much of urban history of Ethiopia following the Axum period was characterized by the absence of fixed urban center. The history of town’s development in the country extends back to the Axum kingdom of the 14th century. When Axum is the first political and religious center in the north of the country is established. This trends continues until Addis Ababa was built in1987 was a fixed political and commercial center by Minilik the second. Like most African countries, in Ethiopia large scale urbanization is fairly a recent phenomenon. Despite this long urban history, Ethiopia remains one of the list urbanized country in sub-Sahara. 2.4.3 Urbanization and Settlement System in Central Ethiopia Regional State The Central Ethiopia Regional State is a regional state in Ethiopia. It was formed from northern part of the then Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) on 19 August 2023. Its formation was effected when South Ethiopia Regional State was established after a successful referendum from the former SNNPR. The largest ethnic groups in the region are the Gurage and Hadiya, constituting 70 percent of the region's population, and the president hails from the Gurage people.The rate of urbanization is various from zone to zone. The relative highest rate is North Gondar 14% and waghimra zone is the list urbanized in the region ( Yehuala, S, 2008). Year Percentages share of urban population 1984 11.4% 1994 14.9% 2000 15.98% 2007 16.2% 2008 20.1% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ethiopia_Regional_State https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_South_Ethiopia_Region_referendum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNNPR https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiya_people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage 8 2.5. Cause of urban Expansion The expansion of the urban to the periphery is derived from two sources namely urban development and urban population increase the first source of urban expansion to the periphery is stirred up by the economic development projects or urban clearance of industrialization. Space is needed for industry socioeconomic infrastructure, communication and redevelopment of the space already inhabited ( Anguelovski, Isabelle, et al,2019). This needed for space induces extended urban settlement to rural farming community. Urban growths were then compelling displacement. This requires intense in rehabilitation program. The second reason for urban expansion to the periphery in urban population was assumed to be 5.8 billion which the united nation estimated more than 6.5 million at the end of 1990s. By the year 2025 it is assumed to reach 8.5 billion of which over 84% live in developing countries ( Cobbinah, 2015). 2.6. Impact of Urbanization on the Agricultural Land Use The loss of farm land to expand cities and towns development in an alarming increase in adjacent agricultural lands. Urbanization is increase rapidly in developing world. As result the rural agricultural land is increasingly consumed by constantly expanding urban land use development. from developing countries perspectives, Mexico is the best example of this condition, over many cities in developing countries are increased the size for more rapidly than industrial growth sufficiently to compensate for the loss of production capacity of land use to urban encroachment. In addition to this, the situation is difficult since there are very fast population explosion in urban area due to immigration which they prefer to settle mostly around the rural urban areas that increased pressure on agricultural land (Beckers, Veronique, et al. 2020). The fragmentation of land due to activities real estate development can use a considerable disruption of agricultural activities and accelerate land transfer to urban land use fragmentation also contribute for in efficiency of farming activity. In turn it reduces production due to the smaller of farm plots. Such activity forces fringe farmers to use forest lands and recreational place to compensate the loss due to land transformation (Mölder, Andreas, 2021). 9 2.7. Impact of urbanization on individual and household heads income Urbanization had impacts, not only an individual, but also household’s heads income. As is broadly related and manifested, urbanization is a relatively resilient monetary economy; a shift agricultural to non- agricultural employment, including that the industrial enterprise and services, the spread of social amenities and drastic changes in socio cultural system which had transformed urban environment. In developing countries towns play a catalytic role in their national economic growth and development. Urbanization is linked with industrialization preparation of infrastructure and other factors of production for the fact widely accepted today (Scoones, I,2015). 2.8 Socio-economic Impacts of Urbanization Rapid urbanization growth affects the social well being of the town and the dwellers in terms of housing ,inadequate public services such as education, access to health care, and expansion of the deviance like crime ,prostitution, and beggary, the impact of urbanization growth is also like unemployment. Health care services, water supply, housing problem and the like had significant impact on the economic and social aspect ( Ristic, & Frank, 2019). Under present condition and level of technology the continued expansion of large urban centers risk on physical, economic and social breakdowns with the most serious political consequences, in both developed and developing countries urban growth are accompanied by several social and economic Problems. Some of which appear likely to worsen as overall population growth is accomplished by the trends towards greater urban growth (Watson, V.2009). 10 CHAPTER THREE 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Description of study area The study was conducted in Central Ethiopia Region in Gurage zone, Wolkite town. Wolkite town is located at 158 km from the capital city of Ethiopia Addis Ababa; its astronomical location is (070 10'08") north latitude and (370 37'50" )east longitudes. The town has an elevation of 1,910m (6,270ft), which mean an elevation between 1,910 and 1,935 m above sea level. The town has surrounded by Cheha woreda and it has part of former Goro woreda. Wolkite Town is located at 8° 16′ 50″ North and 37° 46′ 40″ East. Figure 3.1: Location map of the study area Source ( DIVE GIS DATA, 2024) 11 3.1.1. Topography The topographic feature of Wolkite town is generally as mountains, plains, plateau, swampy area and valley. Generally Wolkite town has leveled topographic feature and the altitude of this woreda ranges from 1910 to 1935 meters, above sea level (Kasa,t,2023). 3.1.2. Climate The main annual temperature of Wolkite town range from 20c o -12c°. Its climate has seasonal variation. The Wolkite town is characterized by small rain from March to May, heavily rain from June to September and the amount of rainfall become being decreases from October to February, and however, the climate of Wolkite town is more of woina dega (Debebe, 2012). 3.1.3. Population Wolkite town is one of the towns in Gurage zone, which has the population number approximately 28,886 in 2007, of which 15,074 ware males and 13,852 females (CSA,2007). 3.1.4. Present development and economic activities of the town The town is currently growing towards its south-western Emdibir Road direction and its north- eastern Addis Abeba route, and it has a 24-hour electricity supply from the national hydro power grid. Hotels, restaurants, cafes, colleges, universities, and information technology services are examples of social services that are expanding. Construction of new residential and commercial structures is ongoing throughout the town. In the town's south-western region, the condominium homes were also built. Even though there are many people living there, most of the houses being built in the eastern section of the town are not formal or authorized. On the asphalt route from Addis Abeba to Jimma in the southwest, Wolkite is a vital transit hub the route that links the towns of Hosanna with Hawassa. 3.1.5. Social service There are different social services that take place in Wolkite town including education, water supply, electricity, health service, building hospital, public and private drug vendor, telecommunication and road that connect the town with other woredas in the Jimma town and Waliso town, from these social services. 12 3.2. Research Design In order to address the objective of this study and answer the research question in qualitative and quantitative method of research design were employed because, they were used both open and closed ended question forms together information of important data based on the respondent answer. 3.3. Data source and data type In the study both primary and secondary data were be used. The primary data was obtained from the household, and the secondary data also were obtained from book, internet, published and unpublished materials. 3.3.1. Primary source The primary data was collected through field work of this research information on the impact urban expansion on the surrounding livelihood in the wolkite town. 3.3.2. Secondary source In this study secondary data was collected from officially published and un published materials, Reports, Statically tables and various documents prepared for another purpose was used for information considering their accuracy and reliability 3.4. Data collection method The primary data was collected through questionnaire, interview and observation and self- administrator because why the researcher was going to use primary data to get first-hand information for the respondents for the study, the secondary data also would obtain from municipal workers, library books, documents and annual report of the town. 3.4.1. Questionnaire To collect appropriate data from the respondents, the researcher used questionnaire. The questionnaires contained both open-ended and closed ended questions. The aim of open ended question was to collect general information from the respondents and the aim of closed-ended question was to get specific information. It distributed by informing the purpose of the study. 13 3.4.2. Observation Observation is another tool that the researcher used in this study for data gathering. This personal observation was designed in order to collect information about the study area, in order to gather detail information on the impact of urban expansion on this surrounding farming household livelihood in wolkite town. 3.4.3. Interview The data was collected through interview for the required information. Interview was used to got depth information about the questions which was asked by using structured interview. The reason for doing this was to get fact information about the study area. The researcher was prepared open-ended and close ended question types were printed and would be distributed. 3.5. Sample technique and sample size 3.5.1. Sample Technique From the target population respondents were selected purposively based on their propensity to impact of urban expansion that need to be administered in order to select cases and respondents that constitute the representative of the target population. 3.5.2. Samples size The researcher was conducted to assess the impact of urban expansion on the surrounding farming house hold livelihood in Wolkite Town, Guragea zone, Central Ethiopia Region. The total populations of Wolkite town of 28,866 by whom 15,074 was males and 13,752 was females. The total household of the town was 1200 (CAS 2007). The size of Population of the study were all households who live in Wolkite town was 28,866. The total sample size or samples household for the study was 40. After the sample of the study had been selected proportionally, the next procedure was to reach the sample of the study. Hence, the actual respondents of the study were reached using purposive sampling technique based on impact of urban expansion on their livelihood. 3.6. Method of data analysis and interpretation The data collected from primary and secondary source were arranged, organized and presented systematically. To analysis data collected by using different tools the researcher used both qualitative and quantitative methods. The data that are collected through questionnaire were 14 analyzed statistically descriptive parameters of measures such as percentage, frequencies and tabular analysis. Qualitative method is used to analyze qualitative data such as interview from municipal workers. 3.7. Ethical consideration Gathering data was carried out with consent of respondents by respecting their beliefs and culture of the respondents was inform about the objective of the study and their agreement was taken before desired that information provide was confidential and used only for the purpose of research 15 CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter focuses on data analysis and interpretation of data gathered from respondent through questionnaires, interview and observation. 4.1 General Background of the Respondent The sex, age, marital status, family size and educational status of the household head are analyzed and presented here below. 4.2 Sex Composition of the Respondent Table 4.1 Sex composition of the respondent (Source field survey Data, 2024) As far as sex of the respondent is concerned 25(62.5%) of the selected respondents were men and remaining 15(37.5%) of respondents were women. The study result shows that of the farmers in the study area, who were affected by urban expansions, were men (table 4.1.1). This could be explained by, men are more affected by urban expansion, where agricultural land is in the name of men in the study area men got agriculture land through inheritance, due to this mean have more chance to get the land and then the probability to loss the land is also high. so men are more affected by urban expansion. sex frequency Percent (%) male 25 62.5% Female 15 37.5% Total 40 100% 16 4.3 Age Distribution of the Respondent Table 4.2 Age Distribution of the Respondent Age Frequency Percentage 20-25 5 12.5% 26-30 20 50% 31-40 8 20% Above 50 6 17.5% Total 40 100% (Source filed survey, 2024) The age of the respondent starts from 20-25, 26-30 ,31-40 and above 50 years show table from the total of 40 respondents selected as a sample about 12.5% of the respondent were between 15- 20 age group 50% were between 26-30 age group 20% were between 31-40 years old and 17.5% above 40 years old. The highest percentage of the respondent group was 50% of the total. This indicates that the most productive age group farmers found between the ages of 21-30 years old. 4.4 Marital status of the respondent Table 4.3 Marital status of the respondent Sex Male frequency Female frequency Total Percentage Single 2 1 3 7.5% Married 19 12 31 77.5% Divorced 3 3 6 15% Total 24 16 40 100% (Source data survey 2024) 17 Concerning the marital status of the respondents, 7.5% of the respondents were single, 77.5% of them were married and the renaining 15% was divorced. This shows that the large number of respondent were married and the impact of wolkite town expansion influenced the married group of the society. 4.5 Distribution of Respondent by Family Size Table 4.4 Distribution of Respondent by Family Size Average family size Frequency Percentage (%) Below 3 family 12 30% 3-5 family 17 42.5% 5-7 family 8 20% Above 7 family 3 7.5% Total 40 100% (Source field survey Data, 2024) When the researcher classify the respondents response according to family size 30%, 42.5%,20%and 7.5%,below 3 family member,3-5family number,5-7 family member members above 7 family members respectively. This indicates that most of respondent are found to have family size between 3-5 this is a largest family size and this impact on livelihood income. 4.6 Education status of the respondents Table 4.5 Educational status of the respondent Educational level Male Female Total Percentage (%) Cannot read and write 2 2 4 10% Read and write only 3 2 5 12.5% 18 Primary education 10 6 16 40% Secondary education(9-10) 8 2 10 25% Above grade 10 3 2 5 12.5% Total 26 14 40 100% (Source field survey Data, 2024) According to the above table educational status of the respondents, that can't read and write 10%, that can read and write only 12.5%, primary educator 40%, secondary school educator (9-10 grade) 25%, and above grade 10 respondents are 12%, respectively. This shows that the majority of respondent are completed up to primary education and they are farmers living in the surrounding wolkite town. So the study result indicated that majority of the respondent were farmers and engaged in agricultural activities. Their livelihood is almost depending on producing crops, vegetables, fruit and livestock production. The other alternatives livelihood activities for the respondents are trade, government work and private work. From this the researcher concludes that, urban expansion leads farmers to shift farming / agriculture to other economic activities. 4.7 Rate of the expansion of town Rates of the expansion of town where expand rapidly from time to time rapid or expanded. This results are in (2020) 4621 hector,(2021) 4642 hector currently in these year(2022) it covers 4720 hector. This shows when wolkite town expanded its impact on local communities (wolkite land administrator workers 2020/21). Based on the questionnaire, interview and observation the researcher discussed the rate of expansion of town expanded rapidly. 4.7.1 Displaced household from the surrounding of the town. Table 4.6.1 Displaced household from surrounding of the town. Displaced household Male Female Total Percentage 1-2kilometer 9 8 17 42.5% 19 3-4kilometer 7 8 15 37.5% 4-5kilometer 2 3 5 12.5% 5-6 kilometer 2 1 3 7.5% Total 20 20 40 100% (Source filed survey Data, 2024) Regarding to distance the respondent displaced from maximally 1-2 kilometer 42.5%,3-4 kilometer 37.5%, 4-5 kilometer 12.5% and 5-6 kilometer. This shows the household livelihood income are declining result of expansion of the town means that the households before displaced get the benefit in different way like to sell and buy goods and services in low inflation, to supply the perishable product on the market timely like egg, tomato, cabbage etc. due to this the household in livelihood income decreased by results of displaced from the town by expansion of the wolkite town. 4.7.2 Major economic activity Table 4.6.2 Major economic activity of respondents Economic activity Respondent Male Female Total Percentage(%) Crop production 8 2 10 25% Animal rearing 3 2 5 12.5% Mixed farming 15 7 22 55% Daily labor 2 1 3 7,5% Total 28 12 40 100% (Source field survey Data, 2024) Concerning economic activity of households were engaged on animal rearing 12.5%, daily labor worker 7.5%, crop production only 25% and mixed farming system 55% respectively. This early 20 indicates in the surrounding of wolkite farmer are in mixed farming. This shows the majority of household income is based on mixed farming so the livelihood income affected due to the expansion of the town. So in the study area faced reduction income which comes from farm products. It’s obvious that urban expansion resulted loss of agricultural land, grazing and forest land. Town had a great negative impact on the livelihood of farmers, especially who lost their land without any compensation. As a result it caused a decline return, which is obtained from crop production and rearing livestock with in farmers’ agricultural land. As understood of from the view of the respondents the expansion of wolkite town had a great negative impact on the livelihood of farmers, especially who lost their agricultural land without any compensation. 4.7.3 Farmer response regarding on the reduction of their land size Table 4.6.3 Farmer's response regarding on the reduction of their land size Land size Respondent Male Female Total Percentage 0.25-0.5hector 15 7 22 55% 0.5-0.75hector 13 2 15 37.5% 0.75-1hector 2 1 3 7.5% Above 1 hector - - - - Total 30 10 40 100% (Source filed survey Data, 2024) Table 4.6.3 above shows the respondents who lost their farmland 0.25-0.5 hector 55%, 0.5- 0.75hecatre 37.5%, 0.75-1 hectare 7.5% respectively the land lost due to horizontal expansion of the town. The majority of the respondent 0.25-0.5 hectare of the land lost and the minority of the respondent 0.75-1 hector of the land lost. This indicates that the reduction of their farm land and land expropriation negatively affected the livelihood of the farmer income. Therefore wolkite town expansion affects them by reducing the size of their farm land and damaging from their product and productivities as indicated the table above. 21 4.7.4 The amount of yield before urban expansion Table 4.6.4 The amount yield before urban expansion Crop type Cash crop Cereal crop Pulse Vegetation and fruit Per kuntal Frequency % Frequenc y % Frequency % frequency % 1-20 6 15 7 17.5 6 15 13 32.5 21-30 27 67.5 21 52.5 19 47.5 17 42.5 31-40 5 12.5 8 20 10 25 6 15 Above 40 2 5 4 10 5 12.5 4 10 Total 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 (Source filed survey 2024) Based on the above table the evaluation of yield production before urban expansion, the highest respondent for 21-30 per kuntal cash crop 27(67.5%),cereal crop 21(52.5%),pulse 19(47.5%) and vegetation and fruit 17 (42.5%) quintals. The least yield production of respondent above 40 per kuntal cash crop 2(5%),cereal crop 4(10%),pulse 5(12.5%) and vegetation and fruit 4(10%) respectively. This shows that before urban expansion the farmers get high yield production per annual. 4.7.5. The amount of yield after urban expansion Table 4.6.5 The amount of yield after urban expansion Crop type Cash crop Cereal crop Pulse crop Vegetation and fruit Per kuntal Frequency % frequency % frequency % Frequency % 1-7 21 52.5 24 60 19 47.5 20 50 8-15 10 25 8 20 9 22.5 8 20 15-20 6 15 7 17.5 8 20 7 17.5 Above 3 7.5 1 2.5 4 10 5 12.5 22 20 Total 40 100 40 100 40 100 40 100 (Source, filed survey 2024) Based on the above table the evaluation of yield before urban expansion.The highest respondent for 1-7 per quntal cash crop 21(52.5%), cereal crop 24(60%), pulse 19(47.5%) and vegetation and fruit 20 (50%) quintal. The least respondent for above 20 per kuntal cash crop 3(7.5%), cereal crop 1(2.5%), pulse 4(10%) and vegetation and fruit 5(12.5%) respectively. This indicated that after urban expansion the farmers get declining of yield production compare to before urban expansion. Due to this decreasing of yield production is the result of land expropriation the household by impact of urban expansion of the town. 4.7.6 Major problems observed as result of wolkite expansion Urban expansion resulted in for many problems on the surrounding farmer; these problems are more and long the main high ways this is because the surrounding area of peoples livelihood are directly or indirectly depend on the land. Major problems which are observed as a result of wolkite town expansion were shortage of grazing land soil erosion, shortage of farm land, and livestock reduction in term of quantity. 4.7.7 The negative impact of wolkite town expansion on the surrounding farmland Table 4.6.6 The Negative Impact of wolkite town Expansion on the Surrounding farmland Type of impact respondents Percentage Shortage of grazing land 15 37.5% Soil erosion 4 10% Shortage of farm land 21 52.5% Total 40 100% (Source, field survey Data, 2024) As observed from above table 4.6.6, the respondents respond the shortage of grazing land, soil erosion and shortage of farm land are 37.5%, 10%, 52.5 is the main problem respectively. There 23 for the horizontal expansion of finite slam town is causing shortage of farmland, shortage of grazing land and soil erosion. The respondent agreement this problem becomes difficult for their livelihood. 4.7.8 Income Level of the Farmers are Decreased in Terms of Production per Annually Table 4.6.7 Income level of the farmers are decreased in terms of production per annually (Source own survey Data, 2024) Table 4.6.7 above indicates that majority of respondents are respond that their level of income decreased as they lost their agricultural lands from the total respondent 67.5% of the respondent agreed that their income level had decreased from time to time due to shortage of farmland and grazing land the remaining 32.5% of the respondents agreed that the expansion of wolkite town has increase their income level due to job opportunity involves in labor worker, selling of food and cultural drinks 4.7.9 The compensaition condition Table 4.6.8 The compensation condition Did you get the compensation for your land Respondent Percentage Yes 40 100% No - - Total 40 100% (Source own survey 2024) Does your income deceased per annually? Frequency Percentage Yes 27 67.5% No 13 32.5% Total 40 100% 24 4.8 Satisfaction of the respondent on the compensation Table 4.7 Satisfaction of the respondent Does the compensation fair Frequency Percentage Yes 8 20% No 32 80% Total 40 100% (Source, own survey 2024) Table 4.7 show that; the majority of respondents 80% respond that the compensation is unfair because the value that obtained from the land and the compensation is not equivalent as the result of compensation system. On the other had 20%;of the respondents agreed that the compensation were fair. 4.8.1 Mistakes of unfair compensation Table 4.7.1 Mistakes of Unfair Compensation Why did mistakes for unfair compensation Frequency Percentage Government policy 4 12.5% Municipality land administration expert 12 37.5% Local administration kebele 14 43.75% Investor 2 6.25% Total 32 100% (Source own survey 2024) 25 As observed the point 4.8.1 concerning mistakes of unfair compensation 12.5 %,37.5%, 43.75%, 6.25%, respectively mistakes that are done by government policy, municipality land administration experts make a mistake for unfair compensation on some respondents views the government policy is reviewing again and access the value of the land and the compensation condition fill the gap between them. 4.9. Feeling of Respondent for Unfair Treatment of the Official Based on the respondent feeling the major cause of unfair treatment of the official is corruption related with studying coverage of the land in these cause municipality land administration experts, kebele administrators investors are the part of the corruption. On the respondents view the land cover and the compensation condition is studying by neutral parties. as well every farmer pays own compensation fairly and efficiently. 26 CHAPTER FIVE 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Conclusion The farmers those who live in the surrounding area of wolkite town are involved in farming and crop production. Thus organizing the expansion of the town affects the livelihood of the society’s farm land, livestock reduction of the farmers due to land fragmentation and decreasing of their land size. The major causes of wolkite town expansion are investment, migration and natural increase. The factors that contribute for migration urban expansion was push and pull factor. As result of this major cause, the expansion of town brought multi-dimensional economic impacts (problems) on the peoples of surrounding area. A lot of agricultural land has been lost due to urban expansion and investment in the processes of rapid population growth of wolkite town. The major facilitating factor for the expansion of the town is mostly the increasing need of land for construction of residential house, fore industries and institutions. 5.2 Recommendations On the bases of the researcher findings, the following recommendations are forwarded.  Giving fair and effective compensation for the farmer who lost their land.  The government should find out alternative means of income earning for those farmers who lost their land and means of increasing agricultural production within a limited land size.  Facilitating vertical growth of the town rather than horizontal expansion which consumes more land.  Reducing of rural to urban migrants in order to reduce land consumed for residents. Generally things that should recommended is the concern body should do follow up those the peri urban farmers who lose their farm land for the house contraction. 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Determinants of smallholder farmers access to formal credit: the case of Metema Woreda, North Gondar, Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation, Haramaya University). 30 Appendix WOLKITE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Dear respondents, the purpose of this questionnaire is to collect data on the impact of wolkite town expansion on the surrounding farming household livelihood, from the society partial fulfillment of BA degree. The researcher would like to say thank for cooperation and was willingness to fill the questionnaire. General instruction Put make one of the alternatives (circle the letter) for the best your choose of the best idea Part 1: Back ground of the respondent 1. Sex. A. male. B. Female 2. Marital status A. single. B.Married. C.Divorced 3. Family size level. A. below 3 B.3-7. C above 7 4. Educational level. A. Can’t read and write B.read and write only C. Grade 1-8. D. Grade 9-10. E .above 10 Part 2. Questionnaire for farmers 1) In what rate the town expanded? A. Slitlely increase B.slowly increase. C. highly increased. Rapidly increase 2) How much kilometers to displace his /her from the town? A. 1-2 kms B.3-4 kms. 31 C.4-5kms. D.Above 5 kms 3 In which economic activities are you engaged now? A. Crop production only. C.Mixed farming B. Animal rearing only. D. Daily labor maker. 4. How many incomes to get from the previous that of new? A. Low. B.Medium. C.High 5. How much hectors of land do you have lost? A. 0.25-0.5 hec. B. 0.5-0.75 hec. C.0.75-1 hec. D.Above 1hec. 6. What type of crop do you have grown for this loses land? A. Cash crop. B Cereal crop. C. oil seed. D. All crops 7. How many yield do you have get for this lost land? A. 1-20 kuntal. B. 21-30 kuntal. C. 31-40Kunetal D. Above 8. Do you think that wolkite town expansion has a negative impact for surrounding farmers? A. yes. B.No 9. If your answer yes in 8 from the following in which case? A. livestock reduction. B. Soil erosion. C.Shortage of farm land. D.other 10. Does your income decrease as you lost your land? A. yes. B. No 32 11. Did you get compensation for your lost land? A. yes. B. No 12.If unfair how much was be fair? ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................................... 13. Who did the mistake for this unfair compensation? A. Government policy B. Local administrator C. municipality land administration experts D. Investor 14.Would you express your feeling about unfair treatment of this official? ............................................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................... Part 3. Interview question 1. What does the overall situation of urban expansions looks like in the town in the last few years? 2. What are the main driving forces behind the horizontal expansion of the town? 3. What do you think about the prospects and challenges of urbanization on the livelihood of local farming community? 4. How was the feeling of landholders during the time of expropriating? Are they volunteer? any cases for their reaction (if any) 5. Do you believe the given compensations are enough while considering land productivity, farmers economic back ground and living cost? 6. What is your organization’s role to minimize negative impacts of horizontal expansion on the livelihood of farming community?